1、Designation: F 436M 04METRICStandard Specification forHardened Steel Washers Metric1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 436M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, anddimensi
3、onal requirements for metric hardened steel washersfor use with fasteners having nominal thread diameters M12through M100. These washers are intended for general-purposemechanical and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and otherinternally and externally threaded fasteners. These washers aresuit
4、able for use with fasteners covered in SpecificationsA 325M, A 490M, A 563M and with fasteners of SpecificationF 568 property classes 8.8 and higher.1.2 The types of washers covered in this specification are:1.2.1 Type 1Washers made of carbon steel.1.2.2 Type 3Washers made of steel having atmospheri
5、ccorrosion resistance and weathering characteristics comparableto that of steels covered in Specifications A 242/A 242M,A 588/A 588M, and A 709/A 709M. The atmospheric corro-sion resistance of these steels is substantially better than that ofcarbon steel with or without copper addition. See 5.1. Whe
6、nproperly exposed to the atmosphere, these steels can be usedbare (uncoated) for many applications.1.3 The styles of washers covered in this specification are:1.3.1 Circular WashersCircular washers in nominal sizes12 mm through 100 mm, are suitable for applications wheresufficient space exists and a
7、ngularity permits.1.3.2 Beveled WashersBeveled washers are square andrectangular, in nominal sizes 12 mm through 36 mm, with abeveled 1:6 surface for use with American Standard beams andchannels.1.3.3 Clipped WashersClipped washers are circular orbeveled for use where space limitations necessitate t
8、hat oneside be clipped.NOTE 1This specification is the metric counterpart of SpecificationF 436.1.4 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-nology F 1789 unless otherwise defined herein.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 153/A 153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) onI
9、ron and Steel HardwareA 242/A 242M Specification for High-Strength Low-AlloyStructural SteelA 325M Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, HeatTreated 830 MPa Minimum Tensile Strength MetricA 490M Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts,Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3, for Structural Steel Joints Met
10、ricA 563M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsMetricA 588/A 588M Specification for High-Strength Low-AlloyStructural Steel with 50 ksi 345 MPa Minimum YieldPoint to 4-in. 100-mm ThickA 709/A 709M Specification for Carbon and High-StrengthLow-Alloy Structural Steel Shapes, Plates, and Bars a
11、ndQuenched-and-Tempered Alloy Structural Steel Plates forBridgesA 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel ProductsB 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc MechanicallyDeposited on Iron and SteelD 3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingF 568M Specification for Carbon
12、 and Alloy Steel ExternallyThreaded Metric FastenersF 606M Test Methods for Determining the MechanicalProperties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, and Rivets MetricF 1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical FastenersG 101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion1This specific
13、ation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets, and Washers.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2004. Published August 2004. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F 436
14、M 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of thi
15、s standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Resistance of Low-Alloy Steels2.2 ANSI Standard:3B 18.23.2M Metric Beveled Washers3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for washers under this specification shall includethe follo
16、wing:3.1.1 Quantity,3.1.2 Name of product, (that is, circular washer, beveledwasher, clipped circular washer, or clipped beveled washer),3.1.3 Coating, if required (that is, hot-dip galvanized, me-chanically galvanized, etc.),3.1.3.1 When galvanized washers are specified, the type ofgalvanizing, suc
17、h as hot-dip or mechanical (see 6.1 and 6.3),3.1.3.1.1 When the type of galvanizing is not specified, themanufacturer, at his option, may furnish hot-dip or mechani-cally galvanized washers,3.1.4 Dimensions, nominal size, and other dimensions, ifmodified from those covered in this specification,3.1.
18、5 Material type of washer (that is, Type 1 or Type 3),3.1.5.1 When the type is not specified, either Type 1 or Type3 washers may be supplied when permitted by the purchaser.3.1.5.2 When atmospheric corrosion resistance is required,Type 3 washers shall be specified by the purchaser.3.1.6 Surface roug
19、hness control (see S1),3.1.7 ASTM designation and year of issue, and3.1.8 Any special requirements.NOTE 2Two examples of ordering descriptions follow: (1) 1000pieces, circular washers, hot-dip galvanized, 24 mm, Type 1 ASTM F436M, dated _. (2) 5000 pieces, beveled washers, 22 mm, Type 3,ASTM, F 436M
20、, dated _.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall beproduced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnaceprocess.4.2 All washers in nominal sizes 12 through 36 mm, shall bethrough-quenched-and-tempered. Washers in nominal sizeslarger than 36 mm may be
21、either through-quenched-and-tempered or carburized, quenched-and-tempered at the manu-facturers option.4.3 Hot-dip galvanized washers shall be hot-dip galvanizedin accordance with the requirements for Class C of Specifica-tion A 153/A 153M. Mechanically galvanized washers shall bemechanically zinc-c
22、oated, and the coating and coated washersshall conform to the requirements for Class 50 of SpecificationB 695.4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor, they shallbe returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment tothe purchaser.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Type 1 and Type 3 washe
23、rs shall conform to thechemical composition requirements specified in Table 1. ForType 3 see Guide G 101 for methods of estimating corrosionresistance of low alloy steels.5.2 Product analysis may be made by the purchaser fromfinished material representing each lot of washers. The chemi-cal compositi
24、on shall conform to the requirements of 4.1 and5.1.5.3 Individual heats of steel are not identified in the finishedproduct.5.4 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordancewith Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751.6. Mechanical Properties6.1 Through-quenched-and-tempered washers shall
25、 have aRockwell hardness of 38 to 45 HRC, except when hot-dipgalvanized, in which case they shall have a Rockwell hardnessof 26 to 45 HRC.6.2 Carburized, quenched-and-tempered washers shall becarburized to a minimum depth of 0.40 mm and shall have aRockwell hardness of 69 to 73 HRA.6.3 When mechanic
26、ally galvanized, washers shall have thesame hardness range as noncoated washers.7. Dimensions and Tolerances7.1 Circular and clipped circular washers shall conform todimensions given in Table 2. All dimensions apply prior toplating or coating.7.1.1 The axis of the inside hole shall be located at tru
27、eposition with respect to the axis of the washer circumferencewithin a tolerance zone having a diameter of 0.6 mm forwashers of nominal sizes 16 mm and smaller and 0.9 mm forwashers of nominal sizes 20 mm and larger.7.1.2 Washers shall be flat within 0.01 mm/mm outsidediameter.7.1.3 As a result of t
28、he punching process, the inside diam-eter of the washer generally consists of three distinct sections.On the punch entry side of the washer there is some drawing inof the material resulting in a rounded corner section, followingwhich is a substantially parallel section, and finally at the exit3Avail
29、able from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsElementComposition, %Type 1 Type 3APhosphorus, maxHeat analysis 0.040 0.040Product analysis 0.050 0.045Sulfur, maxHeat analysis 0.050 0.050Product analysis 0.060 0.055Sil
30、iconHeat analysis . . . 0.150.35Product analysis . . . 0.130.37ChromiumHeat analysis . . . 0.450.65Product analysis . . . 0.420.68NickelHeat analysis . . . 0.250.45Product analysis . . . 0.220.48CopperHeat analysis . . . 0.250.45Product analysis . . . 0.220.48AType 3 steel washers may also be manufa
31、ctured from any of the steels listedin Table 2 of Specification F 568M.F436M042side a tapered breakout may occur (see Fig. 1). The parallelsided section of the washer inside diameter shall be within thelimits specified in Table 2, however, the specified maximuminside diameter may be exceeded at the
32、washer face on thebreakout side by a maximum taper allowance of 25 % of thespecified maximum washer thickness for each size.7.2 Beveled washers shall conform to dimensions in accor-dance with ANSI B18.23.2M.7.3 Clipped beveled washers shall conform to dimensionsfor beveled washers in accordance with
33、 ANSI B18.23.2, exceptthat one edge may be clipped off not closer than 0.0875 timesthe washer nominal size from the center of the hole.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 Washers shall be free of excess mill scale, excesscoatings, and foreign material on bearing surfaces. Arc and gascut washer
34、s shall be free of metal spatter.9. Sampling and Number of Tests and Retests9.1 The requirements of this specification shall be met incontinuous mass production for stock, and the manufacturershall make sample inspections to ensure that the productconforms to the specified requirements. Additional t
35、ests ofindividual shipments of material are not ordinarily necessary.9.2 When specified in the purchase order, the manufacturershall furnish a test report certified to be the last complete set ofmechanical tests for each stock size in each shipment.9.3 When the purchaser requires that additional tes
36、ts beperformed by the manufacturer to determine that the propertiesof products in an individual shipment are within specifiedlimits, the purchaser shall specify the testing requirements,including the sampling plan and basis of acceptance, in theinquiry and purchase order.9.3.1 When the purchaser doe
37、s not specify the samplingplan and basis of acceptance the conditions in 9.3.1.1 through9.3.1.3 shall apply:9.3.1.1 The lot, for purposes of selecting samples, shallconsist of all washers offered for inspection and testing, at onetime, that are the same type, style, nominal size, and surfacefinish.9
38、.3.1.2 From each lot, samples shall be selected at randomand tested for each requirement, except as specified in 9.3.1.3,in accordance with Table 3.9.3.1.3 When determining the weight of coating of platedand coated washers, the sampling plan defined in 9.3.1.2 shallapply, except that in no case shal
39、l the sample consist of lessthan three washers.10. Test Methods10.1 Hardness tests shall be performed in accordance withTest Methods F 606M.TABLE 2 Dimensions of Circular WashersNominal WasherSize, mmAInside Diameter (A), mm Outside Diameter (B), mm Thickness (C), mm Clipped Width(E), mm, minBmax mi
40、n max min max min12 14.4 14.0 27.0 25.7 4.6 3.1 10.514 16.4 16.0 30.0 28.7 4.6 3.1 12.216 18.4 18.0 34.0 32.4 4.6 3.1 14.020 22.5 22.0 42.0 40.4 4.6 3.1 17.522 24.5 24.0 44.0 42.4 4.6 3.4 19.224 26.5 26.0 50.0 48.4 4.6 3.4 21.027 30.5 30.0 56.0 54.1 4.6 3.4 23.630 33.6 33.0 60.0 58.1 4.6 3.4 26.236
41、39.6 39.0 72.0 70.1 4.6 3.4 31.542 45.6 45.0 84.0 81.8 7.2 4.6 36.748 52.7 52.0 95.0 92.8 7.2 4.6 42.056 62.7 62.0 107.0 104.8 8.7 6.1 49.064 70.7 70.0 118.0 115.8 8.7 6.1 56.072 78.7 78.0 130.0 127.5 8.7 6.1 63.080 86.9 86.0 142.0 139.5 8.7 6.1 70.090 96.9 96.0 159.0 156.5 8.7 6.1 78.7100 107.9 107
42、.0 176.0 173.5 8.7 6.1 87.5ANominal washer sizes are intended for use with fasteners of the same nominal thread diameter.BWashers may be clipped on one side not closer to the center of the washer than width E.FIG. 1 Washer Inside ProfileF436M04311. Inspection11.1 The inspector representing the purch
43、aser shall havefree entry to all parts of the manufacturers works that concernthe manufacture of the material ordered. The manufacturershall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities to satisfy thatthe material is being furnished in accordance with this speci-fication. All tests and inspections
44、 required by the specificationthat are requested by the purchasers representative shall bemade prior to shipment, and shall be conducted as not tointerfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.11.2 If other than the normal inspection for continuous massproduction of parts as stipulated in 9
45、.1 is required by thepurchaser, it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract order.12. Rejection12.1 Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on testsmade in accordance with this specification shall be reported tothe manufacturer within 30 working days from the receipt ofsamples by the p
46、urchaser.13. Certification and Test Report13.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,a manufacturers certification that the material was manufac-tured and tested in accordance with this specification, togetherwith a report of the latest mechanical tests of each stock size ineach shi
47、pment, shall be furnished at the time of shipment.13.2 Data contained in the certified test report shall includematerial grade and hardness tests.14. Responsibility14.1 The party responsible for the fastener shall be theorganization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser.15. Product Marking15.1
48、 Washers shall be marked with a symbol, or otherdistinguishing marks, to identify the manufacturer or privatelabel distributor, as appropriate.15.2 Additionally, washers shall be marked to identify theirbeing metric size. Preferably, the metric marking shall be thesymbol “M,” but may be of other dis
49、tinguishing design asdetermined by the manufacturer.15.3 Additionally, Type 3 washers shall be identified withthe symbol “3,”15.4 Additional identification or distinguishing marks, orboth, may be used by the manufacturer.15.5 All marking symbols shall be depressed on one face ofthe washer.15.6 Type and manufacturers or private label distributorsidentification shall be separate and distinct. The two identifi-cations shall preferably be in different locations and, when onthe same level, shall be separated by at least two spaces.15.7 It is
