1、Designation: F436M 10Standard Specification forHardened Steel Washers (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F436M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, anddimensional re
3、quirements for metric hardened steel washersfor use with fasteners having nominal thread diameters M12through M100. These washers are intended for general-purposemechanical and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and otherinternally and externally threaded fasteners. These washers aresuitable fo
4、r use with fasteners covered in SpecificationsA325M, A490M, A563Mand with fasteners of SpecificationF568M property classes 8.8 and higher.1.2 The types of washers covered in this specification are:1.2.1 Type 1Washers made of carbon steel.1.2.2 Type 3Washers made of steel having atmosphericcorrosion
5、resistance and weathering characteristics comparableto that of steels covered in Specifications A242/A242M,A588/A588M, and A709/A709M. The atmospheric corrosionresistance of these steels is substantially better than that ofcarbon steel with or without copper addition. See 5.1. Whenproperly exposed t
6、o the atmosphere, these steels can be usedbare (uncoated) for many applications.1.2.3 This specification provides for furnishing Type 3 tochemical composition or a Corrosion Resistance Index (CRI)of 6 or higher at the suppliers option.1.3 The styles of washers covered in this specification are:1.3.1
7、 Circular WashersCircular washers in nominal sizes12 mm through 100 mm, are suitable for applications wheresufficient space exists and angularity permits.1.3.2 Beveled WashersBeveled washers are square andrectangular, in nominal sizes 12 mm through 36 mm, with abeveled 1:6 surface for use withAmeric
8、an Standard beams andchannels.1.3.3 Clipped WashersClipped washers are circular orbeveled for use where space limitations necessitate that oneside be clipped.1.4 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-nology F1789 unless otherwise defined herein.1.5 The values stated in SI units are t
9、o be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.NOTE 1This specification is the metric counterpart of SpecificationF436.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user o
10、f this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A153/A153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) onIron and Steel HardwareA242/A242M Specification for High-Stre
11、ngth Low-AlloyStructural SteelA325M Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, HeatTreated 830 MPa Minimum Tensile Strength (Metric)A490M Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts, Classes10.9 and 10.9.3, for Structural Steel Joints (Metric)A563M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts(Metri
12、c)A588/A588M Specification for High-Strength Low-AlloyStructural Steel, up to 50 ksi 345 MPa Minimum YieldPoint, with Atmospheric Corrosion ResistanceA709/A709M Specification for Structural Steel for BridgesA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsB695 Sp
13、ecification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-posited on Iron and SteelD3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingF436 Specification for Hardened Steel WashersF568M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel ExternallyThreaded Metric Fasteners (Metric)F606M Test Methods for Determining the MechanicalPr
14、operties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, and Rivets (Metric)1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets and Washers.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. P
15、ublished June 2010. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as A436M 09. DOI:10.1520/F0436M-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, ref
16、er to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.F1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-chan
17、ical Properties and Performance InspectionF1136M Specification for Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Pro-tective Coatings for Fasteners (Metric)F1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical FastenersG101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric CorrosionResistance of Low-Alloy Steels2.2 ANSI Standard:3B 18.23.2M Metric Be
18、veled Washers3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for washers under this specification shall includethe following:3.1.1 Quantity,3.1.2 Name of product, (that is, circular washer, beveledwasher, clipped circular washer, or clipped beveled washer),3.1.3 Coating, if required (that is, hot-dip galvanized,
19、me-chanically galvanized, Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion ProtectiveCoating, etc.),3.1.3.1 When galvanized washers are specified, the type ofgalvanizing, such as hot-dip or mechanical (see 6.1 and 6.3),3.1.3.1.1 When the type of galvanizing is not specified, themanufacturer, at his option, may furnish hot-d
20、ip or mechani-cally galvanized washers,3.1.4 Dimensions, nominal size, and other dimensions, ifmodified from those covered in this specification,3.1.5 Material type of washer (that is, Type 1 or Type 3),3.1.5.1 When the type is not specified, either Type 1 or Type3 washers may be supplied when permi
21、tted by the purchaser.3.1.5.2 When atmospheric corrosion resistance is required,Type 3 washers shall be specified by the purchaser.3.1.6 Surface roughness control (see S1),3.1.7 ASTM designation and year of issue, and3.1.8 Any special requirements.NOTE 2Two examples of ordering descriptions follow:
22、(1) 1000pieces, circular washers, hot-dip galvanized, 24 mm, Type 1 ASTMA436M, dated _. (2) 5000 pieces, beveled washers, 22 mm, Type3, ASTM, A436M, dated _.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall beproduced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace
23、process.4.2 All washers in nominal sizes 12 through 36 mm, shall bethrough-quenched-and-tempered. Washers in nominal sizeslarger than 36 mm may be either through-quenched-and-tempered or carburized, quenched-and-tempered at the manu-facturers option.4.3 Hot-dip galvanized washers shall be hot-dip ga
24、lvanizedin accordance with the requirements for Class C of Specifica-tion A153/A153M. Mechanically galvanized washers shall bemechanically zinc-coated, and the coating and coated washersshall conform to the requirements for Class 50 of SpecificationB695. Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating sh
25、all becoated and the coating and coated washers shall conform to therequirements of Grade 3 of Specification F1136M.4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor, they shallbe returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment tothe purchaser.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Type 1 washers sh
26、all conform to the chemical compo-sition requirements specified in Table 1.5.2 Type 3 washers shall conform to the Heat Analysisspecified in Table 1.Alternatively, at the suppliers option, Type3 washers having a Copper minimum Heat Analysis of 0.25%,Phosphorous and Sulfur conforming to Table 1 and a
27、 CorrosionIndex of 6 or higher calculated from the Heat Analysis asdescribed in Guide G101 Predictive method based on the dataof Larabee and Coburn shall be accepted .5.3 For Type 1 and 3 furnished to the Chemical Composi-tions in Table 1, Product Analyses may be made by thepurchaser on finished was
28、hers representing each lot. TheChemical Composition shall conform to the requirements inTable 1, Product Analysis.5.4 Product Analysis are not applicable to Type 3 washersfurnished to a CRI of 6 or higher.Acceptance shall be based onthe CRI of 6 or higher calculated from the Heat Analysis.5.5 Indivi
29、dual heats of steel are not identified in the finishedproduct.5.6 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordancewith Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751.6. Mechanical Properties6.1 Through-quenched-and-tempered washers shall have aRockwell hardness of 38 to 45 HRC, except when hot-dipg
30、alvanized, in which case they shall have a Rockwell hardnessof 26 to 45 HRC.6.2 Carburized, quenched-and-tempered washers shall becarburized to a minimum depth of 0.40 mm and shall have aRockwell hardness of 69 to 73 HRA.6.3 When mechanically galvanized, washers shall have thesame hardness range as
31、noncoated washers.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsElementComposition, %Type 1 Type 3APhosphorus, maxHeat analysis 0.040 0.040Product analysis 0.050 0.045Sulfur, maxHeat analysi
32、s 0.050 0.050Product analysis 0.060 0.055SiliconHeat analysis . . . 0.150.35Product analysis . . . 0.130.37ChromiumHeat analysis . . . 0.450.65Product analysis . . . 0.420.68NickelHeat analysis . . . 0.250.45Product analysis . . . 0.220.48CopperHeat analysis . . . 0.250.45Product analysis . . . 0.22
33、0.48AType 3 steel washers may also be manufactured from any of the steels listedin Table 2 of Specification F568M.F436M 1027. Dimensions and Tolerances7.1 Circular and clipped circular washers shall conform todimensions given in Table 2. All dimensions apply prior toplating or coating.7.1.1 The axis
34、 of the inside hole shall be located at trueposition with respect to the axis of the washer circumferencewithin a tolerance zone having a diameter of 0.6 mm forwashers of nominal sizes 16 mm and smaller and 0.9 mm forwashers of nominal sizes 20 mm and larger.7.1.2 Washers shall be flat within 0.01 m
35、m/mm outsidediameter.7.1.3 As a result of the punching process, the inside diam-eter of the washer generally consists of three distinct sections.On the punch entry side of the washer there is some drawing inof the material resulting in a rounded corner section, followingwhich is a substantially para
36、llel section, and finally at the exitside a tapered breakout may occur (see Fig. 1). The parallelsided section of the washer inside diameter shall be within thelimits specified in Table 2, however, the specified maximuminside diameter may be exceeded at the washer face on thebreakout side by a maxim
37、um taper allowance of 25 % of thespecified maximum washer thickness for each size.7.2 Beveled washers shall conform to dimensions in accor-dance with ANSI B18.23.2M.7.3 Clipped beveled washers shall conform to dimensionsfor beveled washers in accordance withANSI B18.23.2, exceptthat one edge may be
38、clipped off not closer than 0.0875 timesthe washer nominal size from the center of the hole.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 Washers shall be free of excess mill scale, excesscoatings, and foreign material on bearing surfaces. Arc and gascut washers shall be free of metal spatter.9. Samplin
39、g and Number of Tests and Retests9.1 The requirements of this specification shall be met incontinuous mass production for stock, and the manufacturershall make sample inspections to ensure that the productconforms to the specified requirements. Additional tests ofindividual shipments of material are
40、 not ordinarily necessary.9.2 When specified in the purchase order, the manufacturershall furnish a test report certified to be the last complete set ofmechanical tests for each stock size in each shipment.9.3 When weathering steels are furnished to CorrosionResistance Index, the CRI number shall be
41、 calculated for eachheat.9.4 When the purchaser requires that additional tests beperformed by the manufacturer to determine that the propertiesof products in an individual shipment are within specifiedTABLE 2 Dimensions of Circular WashersNominal WasherSize, mmAInside Diameter (A), mm Outside Diamet
42、er (B), mm Thickness (C), mm Clipped Width(E), mm, minBmax min max min max min12 14.4 14.0 27.0 25.7 4.6 3.1 10.514 16.4 16.0 30.0 28.7 4.6 3.1 12.216 18.4 18.0 34.0 32.4 4.6 3.1 14.020 22.5 22.0 42.0 40.4 4.6 3.1 17.522 24.5 24.0 44.0 42.4 4.6 3.4 19.224 26.5 26.0 50.0 48.4 4.6 3.4 21.027 30.5 30.0
43、 56.0 54.1 4.6 3.4 23.630 33.6 33.0 60.0 58.1 4.6 3.4 26.236 39.6 39.0 72.0 70.1 4.6 3.4 31.542 45.6 45.0 84.0 81.8 7.2 4.6 36.748 52.7 52.0 95.0 92.8 7.2 4.6 42.056 62.7 62.0 107.0 104.8 8.7 6.1 49.064 70.7 70.0 118.0 115.8 8.7 6.1 56.072 78.7 78.0 130.0 127.5 8.7 6.1 63.080 86.9 86.0 142.0 139.5 8
44、.7 6.1 70.090 96.9 96.0 159.0 156.5 8.7 6.1 78.7100 107.9 107.0 176.0 173.5 8.7 6.1 87.5ANominal washer sizes are intended for use with fasteners of the same nominal thread diameter.BWashers may be clipped on one side not closer to the center of the washer than width E.FIG. 1 Washer Inside ProfileF4
45、36M 103limits, the purchaser shall specify the testing requirements,including the sampling plan and basis of acceptance, in theinquiry and purchase order.9.4.1 When the purchaser does not specify the samplingplan and basis of acceptance the conditions in 9.4.1.1 through9.4.1.3 shall apply:9.4.1.1 Th
46、e lot, for purposes of selecting samples, shallconsist of all washers offered for inspection and testing, at onetime, that are the same type, style, nominal size, and surfacefinish.9.4.1.2 From each lot, samples shall be selected at randomand tested for each requirement, except as specified in 9.4.1
47、.3,in accordance with Table 3.9.4.1.3 When determining the weight of coating of platedand coated washers, the sampling plan defined in 9.4.1.2 shallapply, except that in no case shall the sample consist of lessthan three washers.10. Test Methods10.1 Hardness tests shall be performed in accordance wi
48、thTest Methods F606M.10.2 Corrosion Resistance Index:10.2.1 The Corrosion Resistance Index shall be calculatedfrom the Heat Analysis in accordance with Guide G101Prediction Method based on the data of Larabee and Coburn.11. Inspection11.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall havefree entry
49、 to all parts of the manufacturers works that concernthe manufacture of the material ordered. The manufacturershall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities to satisfy thatthe material is being furnished in accordance with this speci-fication. All tests and inspections required by the specificationthat are requested by the purchasers representative shall bemade prior to shipment, and shall be conducted as not tointerfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.11.2 If other than the normal inspection for continuous massproduction of par
