1、Designation: F914/F914M 10Standard Test Method forAcoustic Emission for Aerial Personnel Devices WithoutSupplemental Load Handling Attachments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F914/F914M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a procedure for non-destructive testing using acoustic
3、emission (AE) testing foraerial personnel devices, which do not have a supplementalload handling attachment.1.1.1 Equipment CoveredThis test method covers thefollowing types of vehicle-mounted insulated aerial personneldevices:1.1.1.1 Extensible boom aerial personnel devices,1.1.1.2 Articulating boo
4、m aerial personnel devices, and1.1.1.3 Any combination of 1.1.1.1 and 1.1.1.2.1.1.2 Equipment Not CoveredThis test method does notcover any of the following equipment:1.1.2.1 Material-handling aerial devices,1.1.2.2 Digger-derricks with platform, and1.1.2.3 Cranes with platform.1.2 The AE test metho
5、d is used to detect and area-locateemission sources. Verification of emission sources may requirethe use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such asradiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant,and visual inspection. WarningThis test method requiresthat external loads be appl
6、ied to the superstructure of thevehicle under test. During the test, caution must be taken tosafeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failureor instability of the vehicle or components.NOTE 1This test method is not intended to be a stand alone NDTmethod for the verification of the struct
7、ural integrity of an aerial device.Other NDT methods should be used to supplement the results.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used indep
8、endently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety a
9、nd health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-tures During Controlled StimulationE610 Terminology Relating to Acoustic EmissionE650 Guide for Mounting Piez
10、oelectric Acoustic EmissionSensorsE750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-mentationE976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acous-tic Emission Sensor ResponseF2174 Practice for Verifying Acoustic Emission SensorResponse2.2 ANSI Standard:ANSI A92.2 Standard for Vehicle-Moun
11、ted Elevating andRotating Aerial Devices32.3 ASNT Standard:ASNT Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acoustic emission (AE)the class of phenomenawhereby elastic waves are generated by the rapid release ofenergy from a localized source or sources within a material, orthe
12、 transient elastic wave(s) so generated.Acoustic emission isthe recommended term for general use. Other terms that havebeen used in AE literature include stress wave emission,microseismic activity, and emission or acoustic emission withother qualifying modifiers.3.1.2 aerial personnel deviceany devi
13、ce extensible, ar-ticulating, or both, that is designed to position personnel.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 onElectrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F18.55 on Inspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for Aeri
14、alDevices.Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F914 03. DOI:10.1520/F0914-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annu
15、al Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available fromAmerican Society for NondestructiveTesting (ASNT)
16、, P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 amplitude (acoustic emission signal amplitude)thepeak voltage of the largest excursion attained by
17、 the signalwave form from an emission event.3.1.4 amplitude distributiona display of the number ofacoustic emission events with signals that exceed an arbitraryamplitude as a function of amplitude.3.1.5 articulating-boom aerial devicean aerial devicewith two or more hinged boom sections.3.1.6 attenu
18、ationloss of energy per unit distance.3.1.7 channelan input to the main AE instrument thataccepts a preamplifier output.3.1.8 commonedtwo or more sensors interconnected suchthat the sensor outputs are electronically processed by a singlechannel without differentiation of sensor origin. (Synonym“teed
19、”.)3.1.9 count (acoustic emission count), nthe number oftimes the acoustic emission signal amplitude exceeds a presetthreshold during any selected portion of a test.3.1.10 decibel (dB)logarithmic expression of a ratio oftwo single peak amplitudes. A reference scale expresses thelogarithmic ratio of
20、a single peak amplitude to a fixed referenceamplitude.Signal peak amplitude dB!520 log10A1/A0!where:A0= I V at the sensor output (before amplification), andA1= peak voltage of the measured acoustic emissionsignal.Acoustic Emission Reference ScaledB ValueVoltage atSensor OutputVoltage at Integral Pre
21、ampSensor Output (40 dB gain)0 1 V 100 V20 10 V 1 mV40 100 V 10 mV60 1 mV 100 mV80 10 mV 1 V100 100 mV 10 Vevent (acoustic emission event)3.1.11 a local materialchange giving rise to acoustic emission.3.1.12 event count (Ne)the number obtained by countingeach discerned acoustic emission event once.3
22、.1.13 extensible-boom aerial devicean aerial device, ex-cept the aerial ladder type, with a telescopic or extensibleboom.3.1.14 first-hita mode of operation of AE monitoringequipment in which an event occurring on one channel willprevent all other channels from processing data for a specifiedperiod
23、of time. The channel with a sensor closest to thephysical location of the emission source will then be the onlychannel processing data from that source.3.1.15 insulated aerial devicean aerial device designedwith dielectric components to meet a specific electrical insu-lation rating.3.1.16 insulatora
24、ny part of an aerial device such as, butnot limited to, the upper boom, lower boom or supportingstructure, made of a material having a high dielectric strength,usually FRP or the equivalent.3.1.17 noiseany undesired signal that tends to interferewith the normal reception or processing of the desired
25、 signal.3.1.18 non-destructive testingthe examination by variousmeans of devices and their components without alteration ofthe original components, so that they may function as before.3.1.19 non-overcenterthe feature of an aerial devicewhere the upper boom cannot travel past vertical orientationwith
26、 respect to the ground.3.1.20 overcenterthe feature of an aerial device where theupper boom travels past vertical orientation with respect to theground.3.1.21 qualified personnelpersonnel who, by possessionof a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, orskill, and who, by knowledge, tr
27、aining, and experience, havedemonstrated the ability to deal with problems relating to thesubject matter, the work, or the project.3.1.22 signal (emission signal)a signal obtained by detec-tion of one or more acoustic emission events.3.1.23 For definitions of other terms in this test method,refer to
28、 Terminology E610.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard (see Figs.1 and 2):3.2.1 elbowthe structure connecting the upper boom tothe lower boom, about which one articulates relative to theother.3.2.2 elbow pinthe horizontal pin about which the upperboom rotates relative to the lower boom
29、.3.2.3 lift cylinderThe hydraulic cylinder that lifts thelower boom and the extensible boom(s).3.2.4 lower boomthe structural member, attached to aturntable or base, that supports the upper boom.3.2.5 lower boom cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder thatarticulates the lower boom.3.2.6 lower boom insulator
30、the part of the lower boommade of high dielectric strength material (usually fiberglassreinforced plastic or equivalent).3.2.7 lower boom pinthe horizontal pin about which thelower boom is raised and lowered relative to the turntable.3.2.8 outriggersthe structural members that, when prop-erly extend
31、ed or deployed on firm ground, assist in stabilizingthe vehicle on which the aerial device is mounted.3.2.9 pedestalthe stationary base of the aerial device thatsupports the turntable.3.2.10 platformthe personnel-carrying component of anaerial device, such as a bucket, basket, stand, or equivalent.3
32、.2.11 platform pinthe horizontal pin about which theplatform rotates relative to the upper boom.3.2.12 rated platform capacityThe maximum load asstated by the manufacturer for which an aerial device isdesigned to operate, consisting of the combined weight of thepersonnel and all items carried on or
33、in the platform.3.2.13 stabilizersa means to assist in stabilizing the ve-hicle, such as outriggers, torsion bars, and spring lockouts.3.2.14 supplemental load-handling attachment (Jib)a de-vice(s) affixed to the upper-boom tip area which is designed tolift and or position materials.3.2.15 turntable
34、the rotating base of the aerial device thatsupports the booms.3.2.16 upper boomthe structural member, attached to thelower boom, that supports the platform.F914/F914M 1023.2.17 upper boom cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder thatarticulates the upper boom.3.2.18 upper boom drive mechanismmeans, such as li
35、nk-age, cables, sheaves and gears, used to produce upper boomarticulation.3.2.19 upper boom tipthe end of the upper boom to whichthe platform is attached.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of applying a predeterminedload to an aerial personnel device while it is being monitoredby
36、 sensors that are sensitive to acoustic emissions (AE) causedby active defects. These acoustic emmissions can be generatedby, but are not limited to, the following: crack nucleationmovement or propagation in the metal components; or matrixcrazing, de-lamination or fiber breakage of the fiberglassrei
37、nforced plastic (FRP) material; or both.4.2 The aerial personnel device is loaded at a uniform rateuntil a predetermined load is reached, which is held for aperiod of time. The load is removed and the cycle is repeated.Acoustic emissions are monitored during both cycles and thedata are evaluated.4.3
38、 The test load used during an acoustic emission test on anaerial personnel device shall be two times the rated platformcapacity.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating acous-tic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy fromlocalized sources within an aeri
39、al personnel device undercontrolled loading. The resultant energy releases occur duringintentional application of a controlled predetermined load.These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted byqualified individuals.5.2 This test method permits testing of the major compo-nents of an aerial
40、personnel device under controlled loading.This test method utilizes objective criteria for evaluation andmay be discontinued at any time to investigate a particular areaof concern or prevent a fault from continuing to ultimatefailure.5.3 This test method provides a means of detecting acousticemissio
41、n sources that may be defects or irregularities, or both,affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerialpersonnel device.5.4 Sources of acoustic emission found with this testmethod shall be evaluated by either more refined acousticemission test methods or other nondestructive techni
42、ques(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonics, magneticparticle, etc.). Other nondestructive tests may be required tolocate defects present in aerial personnel devices.FIG. 1 Articulating Aerial Device Nomenclature DiagramF914/F914M 1035.5 Defective areas found in aerial personnel devices
43、by thistest method should be repaired and retested as appropriate.Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope ofthis test method.6. Personnel Qualifications6.1 This test method shall be performed by qualified per-sonnel. Qualification shall be in accordance with an establishedwritten prog
44、ram, consistent with the established format ofASNT SNT-TC-IA for training, qualification, and certificationof personnel for conducting AE testing of aerial personneldevices.NOTE 2Personnel performing subsequent nondestructive evaluation(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic par
45、ticle, etc.)on aerial devices shall be certified in accordance with ASNT SNT-TC-IAguidelines.6.2 Acoustic emission test personnel shall be familiar withthe design, manufacture, and operation of aerial personneldevices. Relevant information is contained in ANSI A92.2 andmanufacturers operating and se
46、rvice manuals.7. Acoustic Emission Instrumentation7.1 The AE instrument shall be capable of data acquisitionin discrete channels within a frequency band of 20 to 200 kHZ.The number ofAE instrument channels shall be determined bythe attenuation characteristics of the aerial device in order toprovide
47、coverage of those components identified in Table 1.Adetailed description of instrumentation characteristics is in-cluded in Annex A1.NOTE 3Experience has shown that a minimum of eight channels ofdata acquisition is required.The instrument should be capable of recordingthe following: time, events, co
48、unts, amplitude and load. Hard copy recordsshall be provided by the instrument or available through a direct interface.NOTE 4A maximum of two sensors may be commoned on any onechannel.8. Test Preparation8.1 Prior to the AE test, perform a visual observation of theaerial lift device to ensure that th
49、e components to be tested arefree from any condition that may prohibit the test or adverselyaffect test results.8.2 The components to be monitored in an aerial personneldevice shall include but not be limited to those specified inTable 1. Additional channels and sensors may be used tosupplement the minimum test requirements and improve loca-tion resolution.8.3 Position the sensors on the FRP and metal portions ofthe components identified in Table 1. The extent of thecoverage is determined by the number of sensors used and t
