1、Designation: F 914 03An American National StandardStandard Test Method forAcoustic Emission for Insulated and Non-Insulated AerialPersonnel Devices Without Supplemental Load HandlingAttachments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 914; the number immediately following the designatio
2、n indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a proced
3、ure for non-destructive testing using acoustic emission (AE) testing forinsulated and non-insulated aerial personnel devices which donot have a supplemental load handling attachment.1.1.1 Equipment CoveredThis test method covers thefollowing types of vehicle-mounted insulated aerial personneldevices
4、:1.1.1.1 Extensible boom aerial personnel devices,1.1.1.2 Articulating boom aerial personnel devices, and1.1.1.3 Any combination of 1.1.1.1 and 1.1.1.2.1.1.2 Equipment Not CoveredThis test method does notcover any of the following equipment:1.1.2.1 Material-handling aerial devices,1.1.2.2 Digger-der
5、ricks with platform, and1.1.2.3 Cranes with platform.1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locateemission sources. Verification of emission sources may requirethe use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such asradiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant,and visu
6、al inspection. WarningThis test method requiresthat external loads be applied to the superstructure of thevehicle under test. During the test, caution must be taken tosafeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failureor instability of the vehicle or components.NOTE 1This test method is not
7、 intended to be a stand alone NDTmethod for the verification of the structural integrity of an aerial device.Other NDT methods should be used to supplement the results.1.3 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation onl
8、y.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced
9、 Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-tures During Controlled Stimulation2E 610 Terminology Relating to Acoustic Emission3E 650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic EmissionSensors2E 750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-mentati
10、on2E 976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acous-tic Emission Sensor Response2F 2174 Practice for Verifying Acoustic Emission SensorResponse42.2 ANSI Standard:ANSI A92.2 Standard for Vehicle-Mounted Elevating andRotating Aerial Devices52.3 ASNT Standard:ASNT Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A
11、62.4 CARP/SPI Standard:Recommended Practice for Acoustic Emission Testing ofFiberglass Tanks-Vessels73. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acoustic emission (AE)the class of phenomenawhereby elastic waves are generated by the rapid release ofenergy from a localized source or sources within a material,
12、 orthe transient elastic wave(s) so generated. Acoustic emission isthe recommended term for general use. Other terms that havebeen used in AE literature include stress wave emission,microseismic activity, and emission or acoustic emission withother qualifying modifiers.1This test method is under the
13、 jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 onElectrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F18.55 on Acoustic Emission.Current edition approved September 10, 2003. Published November 2003.Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as F
14、914 98.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.3Discontinued; see 1991 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. Replacedby Terminology E 1316.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03.5Available from the American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd St.,13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.6Avail
15、able from American Society of Nondestructive Testing, 4153 ArlingatePlaza, Caller #28518, Columbus, OH 43228.7Available from the Society of Plastics Industry, 355 Lexington Ave., New York,NY 10017.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Un
16、ited States.3.1.2 aerial personnel deviceany device extensible, ar-ticulating, or both, that is designed to position personnel.3.1.3 amplitude (acoustic emission signal amplitude)thepeak voltage of the largest excursion attained by the signalwave form from an emission event.3.1.4 amplitude distribut
17、iona display of the number ofacoustic emission events with signals that exceed an arbitraryamplitude as a function of amplitude.3.1.5 articulating-boom aerial devicean aerial devicewith two or more hinged boom sections.3.1.6 attenuationloss of energy per unit distance.3.1.7 channelan input to the ma
18、in AE instrument thataccepts a preamplifier output.3.1.8 commonedtwo or more sensors interconnected suchthat the sensor outputs are electronically processed by a singlechannel without differentiation of sensor origin. (Synonym“teed”.)3.1.9 count (acoustic emission count), nthe number oftimes the aco
19、ustic emission signal amplitude exceeds a presetthreshold during any selected portion of a test.3.1.10 decibel (dB)logarithmic expression of a ratio oftwo single peak amplitudes. A reference scale expresses thelogarithmic ratio of a single peak amplitude to a fixed referenceamplitude.Signal peak amp
20、litude dB!520 log10A1/A0!where:A0= I V at the sensor output (before amplification), andA1= peak voltage of the measured acoustic emissionsignal.Acoustic Emission Reference ScaledB ValueVoltage atSensor OutputVoltage at Integral PreampSensor Output (40 dB gain)0 1 V 100 V20 10 V 1 mV40 100 V 10 mV60
21、1 mV 100 mV80 10 mV 1 V100 100 mV 10 Vevent (acoustic emission event)3.1.11 a local materialchange giving rise to acoustic emission.3.1.12 event count (Ne)the number obtained by countingeach discerned acoustic emission event once.3.1.13 extensible-boom aerial devicean aerial device, ex-cept the aeri
22、al ladder type, with a telescopic or extensibleboom.3.1.14 first-hita mode of operation of AE monitoringequipment in which an event occurring on one channel willprevent all other channels from processing data for a specifiedperiod of time. The channel with a sensor closest to thephysical location of
23、 the emission source will then be the onlychannel processing data from that source.3.1.15 insulated aerial devicean aerial device designedwith dielectric components to meet a specific electrical insu-lation rating.3.1.16 insulatorany part of an aerial device such as, butnot limited to, the upper boo
24、m, lower boom or supportingstructure, made of a material having a high dielectric strength,usually FRP or the equivalent.3.1.17 noiseany undesired signal that tends to interferewith the normal reception or processing of the desired signal.3.1.18 non-destructive testingthe examination by variousmeans
25、 of devices and their components without alteration ofthe original components, so that they may function as before.3.1.19 non-overcenterthe feature of an aerial devicewhere the upper boom cannot travel past vertical orientationwith respect to the ground.3.1.20 overcenterthe feature of an aerial devi
26、ce where theupper boom travels past vertical orientation with respect to theground.3.1.21 qualified personnelpersonnel who, by possessionof a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, orskill, and who, by knowledge, training, and experience, havedemonstrated the ability to deal with pro
27、blems relating to thesubject matter, the work, or the project.3.1.22 signal (emission signal)a signal obtained by detec-tion of one or more acoustic emission events.3.1.23 For definitions of other terms in this test method,refer to Terminology E 610 and the FIEI document in 2.4.3.2 Definitions of Te
28、rms Specific to This Standard (see Figs.1 and 2):3.2.1 elbowthe structure connecting the upper boom tothe lower boom, about which one articulates relative to theother.3.2.2 elbow pinthe horizontal pin about which the upperboom rotates relative to the lower boom.3.2.3 lift cylinderThe hydraulic cylin
29、der that lifts thelower boom and the extensible boom(s).3.2.4 lower boomthe structural member, attached to aturntable or base, that supports the upper boom.3.2.5 lower boom cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder thatarticulates the lower boom.3.2.6 lower boom insulatorthe part of the lower boommade of high
30、dielectric strength material (usually fiberglassreinforced plastic or equivalent).3.2.7 lower boom pinthe horizontal pin about which thelower boom is raised and lowered relative to the turntable.3.2.8 outriggersthe structural members that, when prop-erly extended or deployed on firm ground, assist i
31、n stabilizingthe vehicle on which the aerial device is mounted.3.2.9 pedestalthe stationary base of the aerial device thatsupports the turntable.3.2.10 platformthe personnel-carrying component of anaerial device, such as a bucket, basket, stand, or equivalent.3.2.11 platform pinthe horizontal pin ab
32、out which theplatform rotates relative to the upper boom.3.2.12 rated platform capacityThe maximum load asstated by the manufacturer for which an aerial device isdesigned to operate, consisting of the combined weight of thepersonnel and all items carried on or in the platform.3.2.13 stabilizersa mea
33、ns to assist in stabilizing the ve-hicle, such as outriggers, torsion bars, and spring lockouts.3.2.14 supplemental load-handling attachment (SLHA)adevice(s) affixed to the upper-boom tip area which is designedto lift and or position materials.3.2.15 turntablethe rotating base of the aerial device t
34、hatsupports the booms.F9140323.2.16 upper boomthe structural member, attached to thelower boom, that supports the platform.3.2.17 upper boom cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder thatarticulates the upper boom.3.2.18 upper boom drive mechanismmeans, such as link-age, cables, sheaves and gears, used to prod
35、uce upper boomarticulation.3.2.19 upper boom tipthe end of the upper boom to whichthe platform is attached.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of applying a predeterminedload to an aerial personnel device while it is being monitoredby sensors that are sensitive to acoustic emissio
36、ns (AE) causedby active defects. These acoustic emmissions can be generatedby, but are not limited to, the following: crack nucleationmovement or propagation in the metal components; or matrixcrazing, de-lamination or fiber breakage of the fiberglassreinforced plastic (FRP) material; or both.4.2 The
37、 aerial personnel device is loaded at a uniform rateuntil a predetermined load is reached, which is held for aperiod of time. The load is removed and the cycle is repeated.Acoustic emissions are monitored during both cycles and thedata are evaluated.4.3 The test load used during an acoustic emission
38、 test on anaerial personnel device shall be two times the rated platformcapacity.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating acous-tic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy fromlocalized sources within an aerial personnel device undercontrolled loading. Th
39、e resultant energy releases occur duringintentional application of a controlled predetermined load.These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted byqualified individuals.5.2 This test method permits testing of the major compo-nents of an aerial personnel device under controlled loading.This
40、test method utilizes objective criteria for evaluation andmay be discontinued at any time to investigate a particular areaof concern or prevent a fault from continuing to ultimatefailure.5.3 This test method provides a means of detecting acousticemission sources that may be defects or irregularities
41、, or both,affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerialpersonnel device.5.4 Sources of acoustic emission found with this testmethod shall be evaluated by either more refined acousticFIG. 1 Articulating Aerial Device Nomenclature DiagramF914033emission test methods or other nondest
42、ructive techniques(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonics, magneticparticle, etc.). Other nondestructive tests may be required tolocate defects present in aerial personnel devices.5.5 Defective areas found in aerial personnel devices by thistest method should be repaired and retested as
43、appropriate.Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope ofthis test method.6. Personnel Qualifications6.1 This test method shall be performed by qualified per-sonnel. Qualification shall be in accordance with an establishedwritten program, consistent with the established format ofASNT SNT
44、-TC-IA for training, qualification, and certificationof personnel for conducting AE testing of aerial personneldevices.NOTE 2Personnel performing subsequent nondestructive evaluation(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, etc.)on aerial devices shall be certified in ac
45、cordance with ASNT SNT-TC-IAguidelines.6.2 Acoustic emission test personnel shall be familiar withthe design, manufacture, and operation of aerial personneldevices. Relevant information is contained in ANSI A92.2 andmanufacturers operating and service manuals.7. Acoustic Emission Instrumentation7.1
46、The AE instrument shall be capable of data acquisitionin discrete channels within a frequency band of 20 to 200 kHZ.The number of AE instrument channels shall be determined bythe attenuation characteristics of the aerial device in order toprovide coverage of those components identified in Table 1 or
47、Table 2. A detailed description of instrumentation characteris-tics is included in Annex A1.NOTE 3Experience has shown that a minimum of eight channels ofdata acquisition is required. The instrument should be capable of recordingthe following: time, events, counts, amplitude and load. Hard copy reco
48、rdsshall be provided by the instrument or available through a direct interface.NOTE 4A maximum of two sensors may be commoned on any onechannel.8. Test Preparation8.1 Prior to the AE test, perform a visual observation of theaerial lift device to ensure that the components to be tested arefree from a
49、ny condition that may prohibit the test or adverselyaffect test results.8.2 The components to be monitored in an aerial personneldevice shall include but not be limited to those specified inTable 1 or Table 2. Additional channels and sensors may beused to supplement the minimum test requirements and im-prove location resolution.8.3 Position the sensors on the FRP and metal portions ofthe components identified in Table 1 or Table 2. The extent ofthe coverage is determined by the number of sensors used andthe attenuation characteris
