1、Designation: F981 04 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Practice forAssessment of Compatibility of Biomaterials for SurgicalImplants with Respect to Effect of Materials on Muscle andBone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the y
2、ear of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a series of experimental proto
3、colsfor biological assays of tissue reaction to nonabsorbablebiomaterials for surgical implants. It assesses the effects of thematerial on animal tissue in which it is implanted. Theexperimental protocol is not designed to provide a comprehen-sive assessment of the systemic toxicity, immune response
4、,carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, or mutagenicity of the materialsince other standards deal with these issues. It applies only tomaterials with projected applications in humans where thematerials will reside in bone or soft tissue in excess of 30 daysand will remain unabsorbed. It is recommended tha
5、t short-termassays, according to Practice F763, first be performed. Appli-cations in other organ systems or tissues may be inappropriateand are therefore excluded. Control materials will consist ofany one of the metal alloys in Specifications F67, F75, F90,F136, F138,orF562, high purity dense alumin
6、um oxide asdescribed in Specification F603, ultra high molecular weightpolyethylene as stated in Specification F648 or USP polyeth-ylene negative control.1.2 This practice is a combination of Practice F361 andPractice F469. The purpose, basic procedure, and method ofevaluation of each type of materi
7、al are similar; therefore, theyhave been combined.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibil
8、ity of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F67 Specification for Unalloyed Titanium, for SurgicalImplant Applications (UNS R50250, UNS R50400
9、, UNSR50550, UNS R50700)F75 Specification for Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 MolybdenumAlloy Castings and Casting Alloy for Surgical Implants(UNS R30075)F86 Practice for Surface Preparation and Marking of Me-tallic Surgical ImplantsF90 Specification for Wrought Cobalt-20Chromium-15Tungsten-10Nickel Alloy for
10、Surgical Implant Applica-tions (UNS R30605)F136 Specification for Wrought Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) Alloy for SurgicalImplant Applications (UNS R56401)F138 Specification for Wrought 18Chromium-14Nickel-2.5Molybdenum Stainless Steel Bar and Wire for SurgicalImplants (U
11、NS S31673)F361 Practice for Assessment of Compatibility of MetallicMaterials for Surgical Implants with Respect to Effect ofMaterials on Tissue3F469 Practice for Assessment of Compatibility of Nonpo-rous Polymeric Materials for Surgical Implants with Re-gard to Effect of Materials on Tissue3F562 Spe
12、cification for Wrought 35Cobalt-35Nickel-20Chromium-10Molybdenum Alloy for Surgical ImplantApplications (UNS R30035)F603 Specification for High-Purity Dense Aluminum Oxidefor Medical Application3F648 Specification for Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Poly-ethylene Powder and Fabricated Form for Surgical
13、Im-plants1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F04 on Medical andSurgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF04.16 on Biocompatibility Test Methods.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 1986. Las
14、t previous edition approved in 2004 as F981 04. DOI:10.1520/F0981-04R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AS
15、TM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.F763 Practice for Short-Term Screening of Implant Materi-als3. Summary of Practice3.1 This practice describes the preparation of implants, thenumber of implants an
16、d test hosts, test sites, exposure sched-ule, implant sterilization techniques, and methods of implantretrieval and tissue examination of each test site. Histologicalcriteria for evaluating tissue reaction are provided.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice covers a test protocol for comparing the
17、local tissue response evoked by biomaterials, from whichmedical implantable devices might ultimately be fabricated,with the local tissue response elicited by control materialscurrently accepted for the fabrication of surgical devices. Thematerials may include metals (and metal alloys), dense alumi-n
18、um oxide, and polyethylene that are standardized on the basisof acceptable long-term well-characterized long-term response.The controls consistently produce cellular reaction and woundhealing to a degree that has been found to be acceptable to thehost.5. Test Hosts and Sites5.1 Rats (acceptable stra
19、ins such as Fischer 344), NewZealand White rabbits, and other small laboratory animals maybe used as test hosts for soft tissue implant response. It issuggested that the rats be age and sex matched. Rabbits orlarger animals may be used as test hosts for bone implants.When larger animals such as dogs
20、, goats, or sheep are used, thedecision should be based upon special considerations of theparticular implant material or study.5.2 The sacro-spinalis, paralumbar, gluteal muscles, and thefemur or tibia can serve as the test site for implants. However,the same site must be used for test and material
21、implants in allthe animal species.5.3 There shall be a minimum of four animals at eachsacrifice interval for a total of twelve animals per study. Iflarger animals are used, in which a greater number of implantscan be placed, there shall be at least two animals sacrificed ateach time period.6. Implan
22、t Specimens6.1 FabricationEach implant shall be made in a cylindri-cal shape with hemispherical ends (see 6.3 and 6.4 for sizes).If the ends are not hemispherical, this shall be reported. Eachimplant shall be fabricated, finished, and its surface cleaned ina manner appropriate for its projected appl
23、ication in humansubjects in accordance with Practice F86. If the specimens areporous, the method of preparation of the porous specimensshall be representative of the contemplated human implantapplication and shall yield a specimen with characteristic poresize, pore volume, and pore interconnection d
24、iameter. Thechoice between using solid core specimens with porous coat-ings and specimens that are porous throughout shall be adecision of the investigator and shall be reported.6.2 Reference metallic specimens shall be fabricated inaccordance with 6.1 from materials such as the metal alloys inSpeci
25、fications F67, F75, F90, F138,orF562, ceramic inSpecification F603, or polymers such as in Specification F648polyethylene or USP Negative Control Plastic. If the testmaterials are porous, consideration should be given to usingporous specimens for reference specimens. Alternatively, non-porous refere
26、nce specimens may be used.6.3 Suggested Sizes and Shapes of Implants for Insertion inMuscle:6.3.1 The implants shall be cylindrical in shape and mayrange from 1 mm to 6 mm in diameter and from 10 mm to 20mm in length depending upon the relative size of the speciesunder study.6.3.2 The dimensions use
27、d shall be reported in accordancewith 8.1.6.3.3 Depending upon the particular device application,other sample shapes may be used. For instance, an investigatormight wish to test the biocompatibility of a new material forscrews in the form of a screw. If an alternative specimen shapeis used, this sho
28、uld be reported in accordance with 8.1.6.4 Sizes and Shapes of Implants for Insertion in Bone:6.4.1 Implant diameters for use in bone shall be approxi-mately equal to the cortex thickness. Implant lengths shallallow them to reside in one cortex and the medulla withoutexcessive protrusion beyond the
29、periosteum.6.4.2 The dimensions used shall be reported in accordancewith 8.1.6.5 Number of Test and Control Implants:6.5.1 In each rat, due to size, there may be two implants; oneeach test and control material implant.6.5.2 In each rabbit, due to size, there may be six implants;four test materials a
30、nd two control material implants.6.5.3 In larger animals, there may be twelve implants; eighttest materials and four control material implants.6.5.4 In rabbits or larger animals, there shall be tested atleast sixteen test material implants and eight control materialimplants at each time period.6.6 C
31、onditioning:6.6.1 Remove all surface contaminants with appropriatesolvents and rinse all test and control implants in distilled waterprior to sterilization. It is recommended that the implantmaterials be processed and cleaned in the same way the finalproduct will be.6.6.2 Clean, package, and sterili
32、ze all implants in the sameway as used for human implantation.6.6.3 After final preparation and sterilization, handle the testand control implants with great care to ensure that they are notscratched, damaged, or contaminated in any way prior toinsertion.6.6.4 Report all details of conditioning in a
33、ccordance with8.1.6.7 Implantation PeriodInsert all implants into each ani-mal at the same surgical session for implantation periods of 12,26, and 52 weeks.7. Procedure7.1 Implantation (Muscle):7.1.1 Place material implants in the paravertebral muscles insuch a manner that they are directly in conta
34、ct with muscletissue.F981 04 (2010)27.1.2 Introduce material implants in larger animals by thetechnique of making an implantation site in the muscle byusing a hemostat to separate the muscle fibers. Then insert theimplant using plastic-tipped forceps or any tool that is non-abrasive to avoid damage
35、to the implant.7.1.3 Introduce material implants using sterile technique.Sterile disposable needles or hypodermic tubing and trocharmay be used to implant the material implants into the paraver-tebral muscles along the spine. In rats, insert a negative controlimplant on one side of the spine and a t
36、est material implant onthe other side. In rabbits, implant one negative control materialon each side of the spine and implant two test materials on eachside of the spine. If larger diameter specimens are used, analternative implantation technique is that described in 7.1.2.7.2 Implantation (Femur)Ex
37、pose the lateral cortex ofeach rabbit femur and drill undersized pilot holes through thelateral cortex using the technique and instrument appropriatefor the procedure. Final reaming of the holes should beperformed by hand to yield holes which are smaller than theimplant specimens by 0.1 mm or less.
38、Into each one of theseholes, insert one of the implants by finger pressure. Then closethe wound.NOTE 1Caution should be taken to minimize the motion of theimplant in the tissue to prevent the effects of motion on the desired result.7.3 Postoperative Care:7.3.1 All animal studies must be done in a fa
39、cility approvedby a nationally recognized organization and in accordance withall appropriate regulations.7.3.2 Carefully observe each animal during the period ofassay and report any abnormal findings.7.3.3 Infection or injury of the test implant site mayinvalidate the results. The decision to replac
40、e the animal so thatthe total number of retrieved implants will be as represented inthe schedule shall be dependent upon the design of the study.7.3.4 If an animal dies prior to the expected date of sacrifice,perform a necropsy in accordance with the procedure in 7.4 todetermine the cause of death.
41、Replacement of the animal to thestudy shall be dependent upon the design of the study. Includethe animal in the assay of data if the cause of death is relatedto the procedure or test material.7.4 Sacrifice and Implant Retrieval:7.4.1 Euthanize animals by a humane method at the inter-vals specified i
42、n 6.7.NOTE 2The necropsy periods start at 12 weeks because it is assumedthat acceptable implant data has been received for earlier periods fromshort term implant testing according to Practice F763. If the 90-daysacrifice period has been utilized under Practice F763, that group need notbe repeated un
43、der this protocol, and thus, the 12-week group may beeliminated.7.4.2 At necropsy, record any gross abnormalities of coloror consistency observed in the tissue surrounding the implant.Remove each implant with an intact envelope of surroundingtissue. Include in the tissue sample a minimum of a 4-mm t
44、hicklayer of tissue surrounding the implant. If less than a 4-mmthick layer of tissue is removed, report in accordance with 8.1.7.5 Postmortem ObservationsIn accordance with stan-dard laboratory practice, perform a necropsy on all animals thatare sacrificed for the purposes of the assay or die durin
45、g theassay period. Establish the status of the health of the experi-mental animal during the period of the assay. Report asdescribed in Section 8.7.6 Histological Procedure:7.6.1 Tissue Sample PreparationPrepare appropriateblocks from each implantation site and indicate the orientationof the axis of
46、 the femur relative to the axis of the implant (forbone implants). Also indicate the orientation of the implantrelative to the axis of rotation of the femoral condyles.7.6.1.1 Process the excised tissue block containing either atest implant or control implant for histopathological examina-tion and s
47、uch other studies as are appropriate. Cut the samplemidway from end to end into appropriate size and in theappropriate orientation for each study. Transfer, or record, orboth, the orientational details noted in 7.6.1 to each part of thesample. Record the gross appearance of the implant and thetissue
48、. If the sample is porous, it is imperative that sectioningprocedures be used that maintain the implant within its tissueenvelope to allow the evaluation of tissue within the pores.Such procedures may include ground section preparation.7.6.1.2 If special stains are deemed necessary, prepareadditiona
49、l sections and make appropriate observations.7.7 Histopathological ObservationsCompare the amountof tissue reaction adjacent to the test implant to that adjacent toa similar location and orientation on the control implant withrespect to thickness of scar, presence of inflammatory or othercell types, presence of particles, and such other indications ofinteraction of tissue and material as might occur with the actualmaterial under test. A suggested method for the evaluation oftissue response after implantation is Turner, et al. (1)4.Ifaporous sample is being tested, the evalua
