1、Designation: F 2089 01 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forLanguage Interpretation Services1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2089; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide identifies the components of quality languageinterpretation services and establishes criteria for each compo-nent. These crite
3、ria define the minimum standard of qualityservices in the language interpretation industry with referenceto distinctive characteristics of specific settings. The needsanalysis identifies a procedure for making an informed choiceof interpretation services. In the language industry, translationrefers
4、to the translation of a written text, whereas interpretationrefers to the translation of spoken or signed communication.2. Professional Judgment Caveat2.1 This guide offers an organized collection of informationand does not recommend a specific course of action. Thisdocument cannot replace education
5、 or experience and shouldbe used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not allaspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances.This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace thestandard of care by which the adequacy of a given professionalservice shall be judged, nor sho
6、uld this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects unique aspects. The word“Standard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensusprocess.3. Definitions of Interpretation3.1 interpretationthe process of understanding and ana-lyzi
7、ng a spoken or signed message and re-expressing thatmessage faithfully, accurately and objectively in another lan-guage, taking the cultural and social context into account.3.2 simultaneous interpretationa highly complex cogni-tive activity that requires the interpreter to listen, analyze,comprehend
8、, convert, edit, and reproduce in real time a speakeror signers message while the speaker or signer continues tospeak or sign, in a specific social context.3.3 consecutive interpretationa highly complex cognitiveactivity that requires the interpreter to listen, analyze, compre-hend, convert, edit, a
9、nd reproduce the original message afterthe speaker or signer pauses, in a specific social context.Consecutive interpretation is likely to take longer than simul-taneous, because the interpreter does not interpret while thespeaker or signer is speaking or signing.4. Referenced Documents4.1 ASTM Stand
10、ards:2F 1562 Guide for Use-Oriented Foreign Language Instruc-tion4.2 ISO/IEC Standards:3IEC 60914:1998 Conference Systems: Electrical and AudioRequirements Conference Systems: Electrical and AudioRequirementsISO 2603:1998 Booths for Simultaneous InterpretationGeneral Characteristics and Equipment Bo
11、oths for Si-multaneous InterpretationGeneral Characteristics andEquipmentISO 4043:1998 Mobile Booths for SimultaneousInterpretationGeneral Characteristics and Equipment-Mobile Booths for Simultaneous InterpretationGeneral Characteristics and Equipment4.3 Other Documents:Americans with Disabilities A
12、ct of 1990Bern Convention for the Protection of Literary or ArtisticWorksCivil Rights Act of 1964Executive Order 13166, August 11, 2000Guidance Memorandum; Title VI Prohibition Against Na-tional Origin DiscriminationPersons with Limited En-glish Proficiency, Office for Civil Rights, Department ofHea
13、lth and Human Services, August 2000Patients Bill of Rights, American Hospital Association,1978Universal Convention on CopyrightU.S. Department of Justice: Enforcement of Title VI of theCivil RightsAct of 1964National Origin DiscriminationAgainst Persons With Limited English Proficiency, “LEPGuidance
14、,” August 11, 20001This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 on ConsumerProducts and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.34 on LanguageInterpreting.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in
15、 2001 as F 2089 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standard
16、s Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.28 U.S.C. 1827 Federal Court Interpreters Act (1978Court Interpreters Act and 1988 Amendment)5. Term
17、inology5.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:5.1.1 active languagea working language into which aninterpreter interprets.5.1.2 “A” languagea language in which the interpreterhas educated native proficiency in speaking and listening (seeTables 1 and 2).5.1.3 bidirectional interpretingint
18、erpretation between twolanguages where each functions as both a source and targetlanguage (for example, an attorney-client interview where eachspeaks a different language).5.1.4 “B” languagea language in which the interpreterhas full functional proficiency in speaking and listening (seeTables 1 and
19、2).5.1.5 “C” languagea language in which the interpreterhas full functional proficiency in listening (see Table 2).5.1.6 clientan individual, institution or other entity thatprocures interpretation services.5.1.7 consultant interpreteran interpreter who contractsdirectly with a client to provide all
20、 interpretation servicesnecessary, as well as related administrative and organizationaltasks for the event.5.1.8 domainthe subject matter, field, sector or industry.5.1.9 language combinationthe set of working languagesof an individual interpreter.5.1.10 limited English proficiency (LEP)a legal conc
21、eptreferring to a level of English proficiency that is insufficient toensure equal access to public services provided in Englishwithout an interpreter.5.1.11 multidirectional interpretinginterpretation be-tween two or more source and target languages.5.1.12 passive languagea working language out of
22、whichan interpreter interprets.5.1.13 provideran entity (for example, an interpretationagency, consultant interpreter, or technological equipmentcompany, that contracts to deliver interpretation services or acomponent thereof).5.1.14 relay interpretingusing an interpretation of theoriginal message a
23、s a secondary source language for interpre-tation into another target language (for example, an utterancein Japanese is interpreted directly into English, and thatEnglish output is the basis for the interpretation into French).5.1.15 remote interpretationinterpretation provided by aninterpreter who
24、is not on site (for example, interpretation viatelephone or videoconferencing).5.1.16 settingthe domain and the type of event for whichinterpretation is provided.5.1.17 sight translationtranslation of a written documentinto spoken/signed language.5.1.18 source languagethe language of a speaker/signe
25、rwho is being interpreted.TABLE 1 Levels of Speaking ProficiencyALevel Description0 No ProficiencySurvival Proficiency0+ Able to satisfy immediate needs such as for lodging, meals, andtransportation, using memorized or rehearsed speech only. Nofluency.1 Minimal Functional ProficiencyAble to satisfy
26、minimum courtesy requirements and maintain verysimple conversations on familiar or rehearsed topics. Experiencesfrequent misunderstandings. ExamplesCan exchange greetings,elicit predictable information, and explain routine procedures in arestricted way.2 Limited Functional ProficiencyAble to handle
27、routine daily interactions that are limited in scope.Able to handle confidently, but not fluently, most social conversationson such topics as current events, work, family, etc. ExamplesCantypically ask and answer predictable questions in the workplace andreceive and provide straightforward direction
28、.3 General Functional ProficiencyAble to speak the language with sufficient fluency and accuracy toparticipate effectively in most formal and informal conversations onpractical, social, and professional topics. However, there arenoticeable linguistic and cultural imperfections that limit theindividu
29、als ability to participate in more sophisticated interactionssuch as high-level negotiation. Can typically discuss particularinterests and special fields of competence with ease. ExamplesCan use the language as part of normal professional duties such asanswering objections, clarifying points, justif
30、ying decisions,understanding the essence of challenges, stating and defendingpolicy, conducting meetings, delivering briefings, etc. Can reliablyelicit information and informed opinion from native speakers.4 Full Functional ProficiencyAble to use language fluently and accurately on all levels pertin
31、entto professional needs. ExamplesUnderstands the details andramifications of concepts that are culturally or conceptually differentfrom ones own. Can set the tone of interpersonal, official, semi-official, professional, and nonprofessional verbal exchanges with arepresentative range of native speak
32、ers (for all audiences, purposes,tasks, and settings). Can play an effective role among nativespeakers in such contexts as negotiations, conferences, lectures,and debates on matters of disagreement. Can advocate a positionat length, both formally and in chance encounters, usingsophisticated verbal s
33、trategies.5 Educated Native ProficiencyAA plus sign after Levels I through 4 (that is, 1+, 2+, 3+, and 4+) indicates theability to handle successfully all of the functions of that level and, inconsistently,some of those of the next.TABLE 2 Levels of Listening ProficiencyALevel Description0 No Profic
34、iencySurvival Proficiency0+ Able to understand short phrases based on memorized material.Slightly longer phrases may need to be repeated and frequentpauses included to be understood.1 Minimal Functional ProficiencyAble to understand very simple statements, questions, and face-to-face conversations c
35、oncerning some familiar situations and manybasic needs. Repetition and slower speech are necessary forunderstanding.2 Limited Functional ProficiencyAble to understand most routine conversations spoken at a normalpace relating to social and occupational situations. Some difficultyunderstanding common
36、 structures and vocabulary remains;occasional repetition is still needed.3 General Functional ProficiencyAble to understand almost all conversations spoken at a normalpace without repetitions, including discussions within the individualsoccupation; readily understands phone conversations andbroadcas
37、ts, but still experiences some difficulty with very fastspeech, slang, and cultural references.4 Full Functional ProficiencyAble to understand all discussions, no matter how complex, withinthe listeners experience; able to understand most culturalreferences as well as manipulations of the language i
38、ncludingpersuasion, negotiation, conjecture, and humor.5 Educated Native ProficiencyAA plus sign after Levels I through 4 (that is, 1+, 2+, 3+, and 4+) indicates theability to handle successfully all of the functions of that level and, inconsistently,some of those of the next.F 2089 01 (2007)25.1.19
39、 target languagethe language of the person receiv-ing interpretation.5.1.20 type of eventthe physical location, number ofparticipants and type of discourse.5.1.21 unidirectional interpretinginterpretation from onlyone source language (for example, a main speakers presenta-tion being interpreted for
40、listeners).5.1.22 whisper interpretingwhispered simultaneous inter-pretation, without equipment, for one or two listeners.5.1.23 working languagea language an interpreter usesprofessionally.6. Summary of Guide6.1 When two or more people are unable to communicatewith each other due to language differ
41、ences, they need aninterpreter. The interpreters task is to remove the languagebarrier to the extent possible. The interpreter enables theparticipants to communicate in real time almost as if there wereno language barrier. The participants should be aware thateverything said or signed will be interp
42、reted and that allparticipants should interact directly with each other as if theywere in a monolingual environment.6.2 When interpreting, the interpreter may speak/sign eitherat the same time (simultaneous interpretation) or after thespeaker/signer pauses (consecutive interpretation; see 3.2, 3.3,a
43、nd 10.1).6.3 The interpretation may be from one language intoanother only (unidirectional) or back and forth between lan-guages (bi- or multi-directional).6.4 The setting in which the interpretation takes place willdictate the particulars of how the interpretation is carried out(see Section 11).6.5
44、In certain settings, the provision of interpreters ismandated by governmental and/or regulatory bodies (for ex-ample, Executive Order 13166, August 11, 2000 and USDepartment of Justice “LEP Guidance,” August 11, 2000).7. Significance and Use7.1 This guide is intended to serve clients and providers o
45、flanguage interpretation services and the institutions providingprofessional training for interpreters. It is the responsibility ofclients and providers of language services to ensure thatparticipants in interpreted events are informed of how to bestmake use of interpretation services.7.2 To ensure
46、quality interpretation, the following compo-nents shall be considered. These components are discussed indetail in subsequent sections.7.2.1 Interpreter QualificationsAssists the client and pro-vider in determining the interpreter qualifications appropriateto the need at hand. These qualifications co
47、nsist of command oflanguages, interpreting skills, and knowledge of subject matter(see Section 8).7.2.2 Needs AnalysisAssists the client in determining thecomponents of the service which correspond to the mostappropriate, reliable, cost-effective, and efficient solution forthe need at hand. Provides
48、 the client with a process for theprocurement of high quality interpretation services (see Section9).7.2.3 Elements Common to All Interpreted EventsDescribes factors that all interpretation settings share (seeSection 10).7.2.4 SettingsAssists the client and provider in identify-ing factors specific
49、to interpretation in a given setting, whichmay include a description of the domain and type of event,mode of interpretation, interpreter qualifications, responsibili-ties of all participants as well as limitations and complicatingfactors in specific settings (see Section 11).7.2.5 Technological RequirementsDescribes the equip-ment for particular modes of interpretation that may be used inspecific settings and types of events (see Section 12).7.2.6 Code of Ethics and Professional ConductDefines acode of ethics and professional cond
