1、Designation: F 2164 02 (Reapproved 2007)An American National StandardStandard Practice forField Leak Testing of Polyethylene (PE) Pressure PipingSystems Using Hydrostatic Pressure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2164; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides information on apparatus,
3、 safety,pre-test preparation, and procedures for conducting field testsof polyethylene pressure piping systems by filling with a liquidand applying pressure to determine if leaks exist in the system.1.2 This practice does not address leak testing using apressurized gas (pneumatic testing). For safet
4、y reasons, somemanufacturers prohibit or restrict pneumatic pressure testing oftheir products. Failure during a pressure leak test can beexplosive, violent, and dangerous, especially if a compressedgas is used. In a compressed gas test, both the pressure stresson the system and the energy used to co
5、mpress the gas arereleased at a failure. Contact component manufacturers forinformation about testing with gas under pressure.1.3 This practice does not apply to leak testing of non-pressure, gravity-flow, negative pressure (vacuum), or non-thermoplastic piping systems. For field-testing of plastic
6、grav-ity flow sewer lines, see Test Method F 1417.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport
7、to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Additional safetyinformation is presented in Sect
8、ion 7 and throughout thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating toPlasticsF 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping SystemsF 1417 Test Method for Installation Acceptance of PlasticGravity Sewer Lines Using Low-Pressure Air2.2 Other Do
9、cuments:PPI TR-4-PPI Listing of Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB),Pressure Design Bases (PDB) and Minimum RequiredStrength (MRS) Ratings for Thermoplastic Piping Mate-rials33. Terminology3.1 Abbreviations and terms are in accordance with Termi-nology D 1600 and Terminology F 412 unless otherwise indi-c
10、ated.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 authority having jurisdiction, nthe organization,office, or individual responsible for “approving” equipmentand installation, or a procedure.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe term “authority having jurisdic-tion” is used in this practice in a broad m
11、anner since jurisdic-tions and “approval” agencies vary, as do their responsibilities.Where public safety is concerned, the “authority havingjurisdiction” may be a federal, state, local, or other regionaldepartment or individual such as a Fire Chief, Fire Marshall,chief of a fire prevention bureau,
12、labor department, buildingofficial, or others having statutory authority. For insurancepurposes, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, orother insurance company representative may be the “authorityhaving jurisdiction.” In many circumstances, the propertyowner or his authorized engineer
13、or agent assumes the role ofthe “authority having jurisdiction”; at government installations,the commanding officer or departmental official may be the“authority having jurisdiction.”3.2.2 approved, vtacceptable to the authority having ju-risdiction.3.2.3 pressure piping system, na piping system whe
14、re allcomponents in the system are pressure rated and intended forconveying a fluid under continuous internal pressure. (See alsoTerminology F 412, pressure pipe and non-pressure pipe.) Toverify suitability for pressure service, consult the componentmanufacturer.1This practice is under the jurisdict
15、ion of ASTM Committee F17 on PlasticPiping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.40 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 216402.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
16、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI), 105 Decker Court, Suite 825,Irving, TX 75062, http:
17、/www.plasticpipe.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1PPI TR-4 provides information about stress ratings for someplastic materials and products.3.2.4 restraint, ntemporary or permanent structural mea-sures or dev
18、ices which restrict, guide, prevent, or safely limitdisjoining or movement of piping system components whilethe system is under pressure during testing or service condi-tions. Restraint may include backfill, anchors, thrust blocks,external clamps and tie rods (joint restraints), pipe guides, andso f
19、orth. Restraint means that if violent separation or failureoccurs during the test, any movement of components or parts issufficiently constrained such that damage or injury is pre-vented.3.2.5 system design pressure, nthe limiting continuousinternal pressure specified by the piping system designer.S
20、ystem design pressure may be less than the pressure ratings ofcomponents in the system. System design pressure may belimited by component pressure ratings, by code or applicationrequirements, or by other restrictions.3.2.6 visible leakage, nthe visible escape (drip, spray,stream, flow, and so forth.
21、) of test liquid from the test sectionthrough components, joints, connections, appurtenances, andthe like in the test section.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The section of the piping system to be tested is isolatedfrom other parts of the system and restrained against movementto prevent catastrophic failu
22、re. Components that are not to besubjected to test pressure or could be damaged by test pressureare isolated or removed as necessary. Isolated components arevented to atmosphere. The test section is filled with the testingliquid, raised to the test pressure, and allowed to stabilize. Thesystem is in
23、spected or monitored for leakage, and then testpressure is relieved. If repairs or corrections are necessary, theyare performed only when the test section is depressurized. Ifnecessary, a retest is performed after a relaxation period.At theconclusion of an acceptable test, the test section may be pl
24、acedin service. Purging and disposal of the test liquid from the testsection may be necessary.4.2 Acceptance is determined by the approval of the author-ity having jurisdiction.4.3 The authority having jurisdiction may specify proce-dures or requirements for test liquid disposal or erosioncontrol.5.
25、 Significance and Use5.1 If required by the authority having jurisdiction, hydro-static pressure leak testing may be conducted to discover andcorrect leaks or faults in a newly constructed or modifiedpolyethylene pressure piping system before placing the systemin service. Leakage or faults usually o
26、ccur at connections,joints, and mechanical seals where sealing under pressure isrequired. (WarningSafety is of paramount importance whenconducting hydrostatic pressure leak tests because testingunder pressure may cause sudden violent rupture or failure.)5.2 This practice uses a pressurized liquid to
27、 test for leaks.It does not verify if a piping material or a piping system designis suitable for pressure service. The suitability of a pipingsystem for pressure service and its pressure rating or operatingpressure is determined solely by its design and its installedcomponents.5.3 Systems that are n
28、ot suitable for pressure testing shouldnot be pressure tested. Such systems may contain lowerpressure rated or non-pressure rated components that cannot beisolated from test pressure, or temporary caps or closures maynot be practical. In these systems, leak inspections should beconducted during and
29、after installation. Inspections typicallyinclude visual examination of joint appearance, mechanicalchecks of bolt or joint tightness, and other relevant examina-tions. See also Test Method F 1417.5.4 Leakage AllowanceThere is no leakage allowance fora section of heat-fusion joined polyethylene pipin
30、g, becauseproperly made heat fusion joints do not leak. See 7.6.1.5.4.1 Other types of joints or connections in the system mayhave a leakage allowance. Contact the joint or connectionmanufacturer for information.5.5 Expansion AllowanceWhen test pressure is applied,polyethylene pipe will expand sligh
31、tly due to elasticity andPoisson effects. To compensate for expansion, make-up wateris added during the initial expansion phase. The amount ofmake-up water (expansion allowance) will vary because ex-pansion is not linear. This procedure compensates for expan-sion with an initial expansion phase, fol
32、lowed by a test phase.In the test phase, expansion is suspended by slightly reducingtest pressure. See 9.6.5.6 Poisson EffectWhen test pressure is applied to plasticpiping systems that have fully restrained joints (joints such asheat fusion, electrofusion, bolted flanges, and so forth.),diametrical
33、expansion of the pipe may reduce the overall lengthof the fully restrained section. Poisson-effect length reductionmay affect or cause disjoining in other contiguous sections thathave partially restrained or non-restrained joints, such asbell-and-spigot joints, when such joints are in-line with the
34、testsection. To prevent Poisson-effect disjoining, take measuressuch as the installation of external joint restraints (diametricalclamps and tie-rods) on in-line non-restrained joints, installingin-line thrust anchors at the ends of the fully restrained section,or isolating the fully restrained test
35、 section from piping withnon-restrained or partially restrained joints.NOTE 2When a tensile stress is applied to a material, it will elongatein the direction of the applied stress, and will decrease in dimension atright angles to the direction of the applied stress. The ratio of decrease toelongatio
36、n is the Poisson ratio. Under test pressure, piping materials willexpand slightly in diameter and contract in length slightly according to thePoisson ratio of the material.6. Apparatus and Equipment for Hydrostatic Procedures6.1 GeneralComponents such as caps, valves, blindflanges, manual or automat
37、ic air release devices, vents, andother devices that are used to isolate the test section from otherparts of the system, to purge air from the system, and to isolatecomponents that are not to be subjected to test pressure aregenerally needed.6.1.1 Test section isolation and closure components are to
38、be rated for pressures equal to or greater than the test pressureapplied to the test section.F 2164 02 (2007)26.1.2 Although section isolation and closure componentsmay only be connected to the test section for the duration of thetest, the joint between the test section and a closure or isolationcom
39、ponent should be at least as strong as joints in the testsection. Additional restraint may be required.6.1.3 Air release devices should be located at all high pointsalong the test section.6.1.4 Excessively worn or deteriorated equipment is unsuit-able and is not to be used.6.2 Test LiquidAn adequate
40、 supply of a safe test liquid,such as water, is necessary. The test liquid should be ofappropriate safety and quality so that the environment, system,test equipment, and disposal (if necessary) are not adverselyaffected.6.2.1 Where an existing water supply is used to supply testwater, protect the ex
41、isting water supply from backflow con-tamination in accordance with local codes or as required by theauthority having jurisdiction. Remove backflow protection andisolate the test section from the existing water supply beforetesting.6.2.2 To estimate the quantity of test liquid needed toconduct the t
42、est, estimate the quantity of liquid needed to fillthe test section, then add an appropriate excess quantity toaccount for pipe expansion and the possibility or leakage orretesting. Up to 40 % additional test liquid may be needed toaccount for the possibility of leakage or retesting.6.2.3 The quanti
43、ty of liquid needed to fill the internalvolume of the pipe test section may be estimated using:Vgal5 0.04 3 IDin.23 Lft(1)Vm3 5 0.785 3 10263 IDmm23 Lmwhere:Vgal= pipe section volume, U.S. gal,IDin.= pipe inside diameter, in.,Lft= test section length, ft,Vm3 = pipe section volume, m3,IDmm= pipe insi
44、de diameter, mm, andLm= test section length, m.6.3 Filling and Pressurizing EquipmentLiquid filling andpressurizing equipment such as pumps, and pressure regulatingdevices will usually be necessary. Filling equipment should becapable of filling the test section in a reasonable time againstany elevat
45、ion head pressure that may be present. Pressurizingequipment should be able to maintain the necessary testpressure in the test section and provide sufficient quantities ofmake-up test liquid for the duration of the test. Pressureregulating equipment should be capable of maintaining testpressure for
46、the duration of the test.6.3.1 Filling equipment and pressurizing equipment do notneed to be the same equipment.6.4 Pressure MonitoringUse at least one calibrated pres-sure gage or sensor accurate to within two percent (2 %) of fullscale. It is preferred that the gage or sensor full scale value notb
47、e more than twice the test pressure, and that scale graduationsbe no greater than two percent (2 %) of the full scale value.Using a valved tee, a gage cock for bleeding, a pressuresnubber, and a duplicate, back-up pressure gage are recom-mended. A continuous pressure-recording device may be re-quire
48、d.6.4.1 Locate the test pressure gage or sensor to monitor testpressure at the lowest point in the test section. Pressure may bemonitored at other points in the test section as well.NOTE 3Test pressure is a combination of pump pressure and theheight (head) of liquid in the pipeline. Therefore, test
49、pressure is alwaysmonitored at the lowest elevation point in the section where pressure ishighest. Test pressure will be lower at higher points in the section. If aminimum test pressure at higher elevations must also be met, select testsections so that the minimum test pressure is met at the higher elevation,but do not increase test pressure at the lowest point. Excessive testpressure can cause damage or pipeline failure.6.5 Other equipment to connect the pump(s) to the testsection and the test liquid supply, control the flow of test liquid,power the pump(s), connec
