1、Designation: F 2296 04Standard Practice forDetermining the Adhesion of Lamination Films to PrintsUtilizing Mechanical Stress: Four Different Test MethodsScore/Tape, Cross Hatch, X-Cut, and Crease-Folding1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2296; the number immediately following the
2、 designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes
3、procedures for assessing theadhesion between lamination films and black and white orcolor images produced by printers, copies and other repro-graphic devices.1.2 This practice can be used to test different laminates witha given set of inks and media or it can be used to evaluate inksand media with a
4、 given laminate.1.3 This practice is applicable to laminated images, wherethe substrate surface is subject to failure under mechanicalstress from mostly peel conditions (that is, paper, film, cloth,and so forth).1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associa
5、ted with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:F 2226 Practice for Determining the Adhesion of Prints andLam
6、inating Films3. Significance and Use3.1 The image life of printed media displayed in bothtypical office and outdoor environments can be extended bylamination or encapsulation. While natural aging is the mostreliable method of assessing lamination adhesion, the length ofthe time required makes this m
7、ethod impractical for mostmaterials. This practice utilizing mechanical stress allowscomparative studies of prints and laminating films.3.2 Factors in the office and outdoor environments, such asheat, cold, thermal shock, ultraviolet/visible radiation andwater vapor can have effect on laminate stabi
8、lity. The resis-tance of the laminate to these factors can be assessed byapplying mechanical stress.3.3 Good adhesion is a prime consideration for laminatingfilms and prints. A laminating film, which does not adhere to aprint or vice versa generally, has no commercial value. Thispractice is used to
9、obtain comparative data of adhesion strengthof encapsulated or laminated media.4. Interferences4.1 Since the ability of laminating film to adhere to printedmedia is dependent on temperature and humidity, it is impor-tant that the effects of mechanical stress be assessed under theconditions appropria
10、te to the end use applications. Whileprinted media may be handled and displayed under a variety ofconditions, this practice is intended to determine adhesion inindoor environments.4.2 The laminate adhesion is dependent on laminationtemperature and should be applied at the manufacturersrecommended te
11、mperature for the best performance.4.3 The adhesion between lamination films and color im-ages is dependent on the printing mode, the type of color andthe amount of applied ink, lamination conditions such aslamination temperature, the lamination speed and the pressureon the nip.4.4 This practice is
12、intended to measure adhesion of printedmedia without specifying above-mentioned parameters.5. Conditioning5.1 It is recommended that samples be conditioned at 23Cand 50 % RH for at least 24 h prior to printing and for at least24 h subsequent to lamination. Specimens should be visuallyinspected for s
13、urface irregularities, which could adverselyaffect lamination.5.2 It is recommended that samples be conditioned at 23Cand 50 % RH for 24 h prior to delamination to provideadditional time for equilibrium of adhesive containing inter-faces.5.3 The above conditioning steps are pertinent only wheremedia
14、 evaluation or comparison is needed. Obviously, as aproduction tool, the conditioning period is not practical.Therefore, when media are coated in production, the specimens1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Su
15、bcommittee F05.03 onResearch.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F 2296 03.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.should be ob
16、tained from each roll and checked as soon aspossible in a repeatable procedure appropriate to the operation.It is imperative that operators use caution in selecting andpreparing specimens to maintain good uniformity.6. Materials6.1 Razor blade, single edge or cutting board, pressuresensitive tape (2
17、5 mm (1 in.) wide).6.2 The adhesion strength of pressure-sensitive tapes isdependent on lot number due to batch production process andstorage time. The same manufacturing tape with identical lotnumber should be used for testing conducted in differentlaboratories. The pressure-sensitive tapes adhesio
18、n variesdepending on the coating and substrate. The adhesion strengthof the tape should be agreed upon between the manufacturer ofthe tested coating and the end user.6.3 At least three test specimens printed with a test imageand subsequently laminated.7. Test Specimens7.1 The substrate, method of pr
19、inting, ink or toner lay down,and handling of printed specimens shall be consistent with theiranticipated end use.7.2 The test image can be any picture printed using printfiles containing the appropriate printer setup specific for eachapplication.7.3 The same test image and printer set up should be
20、usedfor comparison purposes.7.4 The recommended test image should consist of a stan-dardized arrangement of color patches printed using print filescontaining the appropriate printer setup specific for eachapplication. This test image should contain color patches atmaximum print density of 100 % for
21、each of the primary colorsof cyan, magenta, yellow and black, 200 % for the secondarycolors of red, green, and blue, and 300 % for composite black.7.5 The recommended color patches should be circular withminimum diameter of 125 mm (5 in.).7.6 It is recommended that the samples be laminated 24 hafter
22、 printing. The actual lamination time after printing shouldbe presented in the report.7.7 Laminating films that are 75 (3 mil) thick should beused for comparison purposes. Thinner or thicker laminatingfilms can be used depending on application.7.8 Speed of lamination for paper media having base weig
23、htin the range 90 to 170 g/m2should be 0.9 m/min (3 ft/min).Lower or higher speed can be used depending on filmthickness, paper base weight, and lamination temperature.8. Delamination Tests8.1 Tests should be carried out under temperature andhumidity conditions similar to those of end use applicatio
24、ns.8.2 Score/Tape Procedure:8.2.1 Place a sample of the laminated print media to betested on a flat surface, printed side up.8.2.2 Take a 75 by 25 mm (3 by 1 in.) piece of thepressure-sensitive tape and firmly adhere 50 mm (2 in.) of it tothe surface of each of the colored patches and a non-printeda
25、rea by pressing down with the flat of a finger.8.2.3 While holding the specimen against a flat, horizontalsurface, grasp the loose end of the tape and pull the tape awaysharply from the sample at a 90 angle from the sample(altering the 90 angle may cause the results to be invalid).8.2.4 All tests ar
26、e to be conducted in the CD (crossdirection) of the sample.8.2.5 Examine the laminated surface and the tape forcoating removal.8.2.6 Results shall be reported as Pass or Fail.8.2.7 A passing result is one where the delamination doesnot occur between the laminate and the first interface after theadhe
27、sive, but in a later layer(s).8.3 Cross Hatch ProcedureNon Paper Substrate:8.3.1 Place a sample of the laminated print media to betested on a flat surface, printed side up.8.3.2 Using a sharp razor blade, cut cross hatch lines 3 mm(0.125 in.) apart through the laminating film for each of thecolored
28、patches and a non-printed area, being careful not to cutthrough the ink jet coating and the base material.8.3.3 Take a 75 by 25 mm (3 by 1 in.) piece of thepressure-sensitive tape and firmly adhere 50 mm (2 in.) of it tothe cross hatched surface to be tested by pressing it down withthe flat of a fin
29、ger.8.3.4 While holding the specimen against a flat, horizontalsurface, grasp the loose end of the tape and pull the tape awaysharply from the sample at a 90 angle (altering the 90 anglemay cause the results to be invalid).8.3.5 All tests are to be conducted in the CD (crossdirection) of the sample8
30、.3.6 Examine the laminate surface and the tape for coatingremoval.8.3.7 The results are to be reported as Pass or Fail.8.3.8 A passing result is one where the delamination doesnot occur between the laminate and the first interface after theadhesive, but in a later layer(s).8.4 Cross Hatch ProcedureP
31、orous Paper Substrate:8.4.1 Place a sample of the laminated print media to betested on a flat surface, printed side up.8.4.2 Using a sharp razor blade, cut cross hatch lines 3 mm(0.125 in.) apart through the laminating film for each of thecolored patches and a non-printed area, being careful not to
32、cutthrough the ink jet coating and the base material.8.4.3 Take a 75 by 25 mm (3 by 1 in.) piece of thepressure-sensitive tape and firmly adhere 50 mm (2 in.) of it tothe cross hatched surface to be tested by pressing it down withthe flat of a finger.8.4.4 While holding the specimen against a flat,
33、horizontalsurface, grasp the loose end of the tape and pull the tape awaysharply from the sample at a 90 angle (altering the 90 anglemay cause the results to be invalid).8.4.5 Under some conditions, a quick stripping of the tapemay not cause separation or may otherwise yield misleadingresults.Aslow
34、strip, at a rate of about 50-mm (2 in.) in3smaystart separation.8.4.6 All tests are to be conducted in the CD (crossdirection) of the sample.8.4.7 Examine the laminate surface and the tape for coatingremoval.F22960428.4.8 If the lamination separates, attempt to delaminate thespecimen by pulling the
35、plies apart.8.4.9 Rate the adhesion according to the descriptions shownin Table 1, where 5 is excellent and 1 is poor.8.4.10 Calculation:8.4.10.1 Adhesion ratings are defined as “poor” for thelowest rating and “excellent” for the highest rating. Theaverage rating from five test specimens determines
36、the finalrating applied to the laminate structure being tested. Eachrating is assigned points as noted in Table 1 for adhesion andthe points are averaged. Example: Five specimens were testedfrom a sample and three were rated as excellent and two good.Since each excellent rating is worth 5 points, th
37、en 3 3 5=15points; each good rating is worth 3 points, so 2 3 3 = 6 points;for a total of 21 points.Average rating 5Total points/Number of specimens!521/5! 5 4.1The average test result would thus be reported as “good(4.1).”8.5 “X” Cut Procedure:8.5.1 Place a sample of the laminated print media to be
38、tested on a flat surface, printed side up.8.5.2 Using a sharp razor blade make 63 to 76 mm (2.5 to 3in.) “X” cut in the laminating film for each of the coloredpatches and a non-printed area, being careful not to cut throughthe ink jet coating and the base material.8.5.3 Try to separate the laminate
39、from the media bywedging the razor blade at the one of the 4 points created at thecenter of the X.8.5.4 An intentional separation is made and then the lami-nate is pulled back to see if it can be removed from the media.8.5.5 The results are to be reported as Pass or Fail.8.5.6 A passing result is on
40、e where the delamination doesnot occur between the laminate and the first interface after theadhesive, but in a later layer(s).8.6 Crease-Folding Procedure:8.6.1 Place a sample of the laminated print media to betested on a flat surface, printed side up.8.6.2 The sample used in this practical test ca
41、n bear anycolors and size image.8.6.3 One corner of the laminate is fan folded at about 45to the laminate with about 25-mm (1 in.) fold heights. The fanis made of 8 to 10 folds.8.6.4 Keep the laminate folded for one minute.8.6.5 The peaks and valleys are examined to determine ifany failure occurred
42、between the laminate and the media8.6.6 The results are to be reported as Pass or Fail.8.6.7 A passing result is one where the delamination doesnot occur between the laminate and the first interface after theadhesive, but in a later layer(s).9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Specim
43、en identification, including the printer, methodof printing, and the media type.9.1.2 Lamination temperature, speed, applied pressure onnip, relative humidity and temperature in the room, wherelamination is carried out, and time after printing.9.1.3 The delamination test used and the temperature and
44、relative humidity conditions during the test.9.1.4 Each specimen rating.9.1.5 Average test result.9.1.6 Any unusual characteristics, that is, extremes or ir-regularities noted in test results. Include backing if requiredand the conditioning cycle if other than standard.10. Precision and Bias10.1 A s
45、tatement of bias is not applicable in view of theunavailability of a standard reference for these properties.11. Keywords11.1 accelerate aging; adhesion; bond strength; debonding;delamination; encapsulating; folding; high temperature lami-nates; ink jet; lamination; low temperature laminates; media;
46、mounting; pressure-sensitive laminates; printing; thicknessTABLE 1 Adhesion RatingsAssigned ValueAdhesionCharacteristicRating Points/Test SampleLamination cannot be separated by tape. Excellent 5Lamination separates with 100 % fiber tear ofa porous substrate (paper, cloth, etc.).Very good 4Laminatio
47、n has considerable resistance todelamination Lamination separates withmore than 50 % fiber tear of a poroussubstrate.Good 3Lamination has slight resistance todelamination. Lamination separates with lessthan 50 % fiber tear of a porous substrate.Fair 2Lamination has no resistance to delamination.Lami
48、nation separates with no evidence offiber tear of a porous substrate.Poor 1F2296043APPENDIXX1. COMMENTARYX1.1 The Tape SelectionX1.1.1 Major limitations of the tape test are its low sensi-tivity and applicability to coatings of relatively low bondstrength. The test is determined as pass for the most
49、 outsidelayer through failure. Adhesion can still occur on the interfacebetween two other layers in multi coating or between the firstcoating and substrate.X1.1.2 The adhesion strength of pressure-sensitive tapes isdependent on lot number due to batch production process andaging during storage because bond strength of the tape maychange over time.X1.1.3 Small changes in back stiffness and adhesive rheol-ogy of the tape can cause significant changes in the tensionarea. Some commercial tapes are manufactured to meet mini-mum standards. However, adhesion strength of most
