1、Designation: F2370 16Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using aSweating Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2370; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe type of clothing worn by people directly affects the heat exchange between the human body andthe environment
3、. The heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent(evaporation). The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs andmaterials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by the clothing,the distribution
4、of the layers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface areafor heat loss. Evaporative resistance measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors intoaccount. Measurements of the resistance to evaporative heat loss provided by clothing can be usedwith therm
5、al resistance values (Test Method F1291) to determine the comfort or stress of people indifferent environments.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the evapo-rative resistance of clothing ensembles. It describes the mea-surement of the resistance to evaporative heat transfer from
6、 aheated sweating thermal manikin to a relatively calm environ-ment. Information on measuring the local evaporative resis-tance values for individual garments and ensembles is providedin Annex A1.1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothingmeasurement on a standing manikin.1.1.2 The
7、 effects of body position and movement are notaddressed in this test method.1.2 The evaporative resistance values obtained apply only tothe particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified envi-ronmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect toair movement and sweating simulations.1
8、.3 Evaporative resistance values reported in SI units shallbe regarded as standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and
9、determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation ofClothing Using a Heated Manikin2.2 I
10、SO Standards:3ISO 9920:2007 Ergonomics of the Thermal EnvironmentEstimation of the Thermal Insulation and EvaporationResistance of a Clothing Ensemble3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 clothing area factor (fcl), nthe ratio of the surfacearea of the clothed body to the surface area of the nude body
11、.3.1.2 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worntogether on the body at the same time.3.1.3 evaporative resistance, nthe resistance to evapora-tive heat transfer from the body to the environment.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe following evaporative resistancevalues can be determined in this test method whe
12、n measuredunder isothermal condititions:1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyappro
13、ved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F2370 - 15. DOI:10.1520/F2370-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summa
14、ry page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Rea= evaporative resistance of t
15、he air layer on the surfaceof the sweating nude manikin.Ret= total evaporative resistance of the clothing andsurface air layer around the manikin.Recl= intrinsic evaporative resistance of the clothing.When measurements are made under non-isothermalconditions, the following apparent evaporative resis
16、-tance values can be determined.ARea= apparent evaporative resistance of the air layer onthe surface of the sweating nude manikin.ARet= apparent total evaporative resistance of the clothingand surface air layer around the manikin.ARecl= apparent intrinsic evaporative resistance of theclothing.Total
17、evaporative resistance values are measured directlywith a manikin. Intrinsic clothing evaporative resistancevalues are determined by subtracting the air layer resistancearound the clothed manikin from the total evaporativeresistance value for the ensemble.3.1.4 total thermal resistance (Rt)the total
18、 thermal resis-tance (insulation) of the clothing and surface air layer aroundthe manikin.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and comparethe evaporative resistance provided by different clothing sys-tems. The evaporative resistance values for ensembles mea-sured under
19、 isothermal conditions can be used in models thatpredict the physiological responses of people in differentenvironmental conditions. Garment evaporative resistance val-ues can be compared as well (see Annex A1).4.2 The measurement of the evaporative resistance providedby clothing is complex and depe
20、ndent upon the apparatus andtechniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scopeto establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Depar-tures from the instructions in this test method have the potentialto lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowl-edge con
21、cerning the theory of heat transfer, moisture transfer,temperature, humidity, and air motion measurement, and test-ing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from theinstructions given in this test method are significant. Standard-ization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate, the
22、needfor such technical knowledge. Report any departures with theresults.5. Apparatus45.1 ManikinA standing manikin shall be used that isformed in the shape and size of an adult male or female andheated to a constant average surface temperature.5.1.1 Size and ShapeThe manikin shall be constructed tos
23、imulate the body of a human being; that is, it shall consist ofa head, chest/back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands (preferablywith fingers extended to allow gloves to be worn), legs, andfeet. Total surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m2, and height shallbe 170 6 10 cm. The manikins dimensions shall corres
24、pond tothose required for standard sizes of garments because devia-tions in fit will affect the results.5.1.2 Sweat GenerationThe manikin must have the abilityto evaporate water from its surface. The sweating system canbe a water-fed capillary body suit worn over a thermal manikin.Sweating can also
25、be simulated by supplying water to andmaintaining it at the inner surface of a waterproof, butmoisture-permeable fabric skin.5.1.2.1 Sweating Surface AreaThe entire surface of themanikin shall be heated and sweating including the head, chest,back, abdomen, buttocks, arms, hands, legs, and feet.5.1.3
26、 Surface TemperatureThe manikin shall be con-structed so as to maintain a uniform temperature distributionover the nude body surface, with no local hot or cold spots. Themean surface (skin) temperature of the manikin shall be 35C.Local deviations from the mean surface temperature shall notexceed 60.
27、5C. Temperature uniformity of the nude manikinshall be evaluated at least once annually using an infraredthermal imaging system or equivalent method. This procedureshall also be repeated after repairs or alterations are completedthat could affect temperature uniformity, for example, replace-ment of
28、a heating element.5.2 Power-Measuring InstrumentsPower to the manikinshall be measured so as to give an average over the period ofa test. If time proportioning or phase proportioning is used forpower control, then devices that are capable of averaging overthe control cycle are required. Integrating
29、devices (watt-hourmeters) are preferred over instantaneous devices (watt meters).Overall accuracy of the power monitoring equipment must bewithin 62 % of the reading for the average power for the testperiod. Since there are a variety of devices and techniques usedfor power measurement, no specified
30、calibration proceduresshall be given. However, an appropriate power calibrationprocedure is to be developed and documented.5.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikins Surface (Skin)TemperatureThe mean surface temperature shall be mea-sured with point sensors or distributed temperature sensors.5.3.1 Poi
31、nt SensorsPoint sensors shall be thermocouples,resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equiva-lent sensors. They shall be no more than 2 mm thick and shallbe well-bonded, both mechanically and thermally, to themanikins surface. Lead wires shall be bonded to the surface orpass through
32、the interior of the manikin, or both. Each sensortemperature shall be area-weighted when calculating the meansurface temperature for the body. If point sensors are used, aminimum of 15 point sensors are required. At least one sensorshall be placed on the head, chest, back, abdomen, buttocks,and both
33、 the right and left upper arm, lower arm, hand, thigh,calf, and foot. These sensors must be placed in the sameposition for each test and the placement of the sensors shall begiven in the report.5.3.2 Distributed SensorsIf distributed sensors are used(for example, resistance wire), then the sensors m
34、ust bedistributed over the surface so that all areas are equallyweighted. If several such sensors are used to measure thetemperature of different parts of the body, then their respective4Information on laboratories with sweating manikins can be obtained from theTextile Protection and Comfort Center,
35、 North Carolina State University, Raleigh,NC 27695 or from the Institute for Environmental Research, Kansas StateUniversity, Manhattan, KS 66506.F2370 162temperatures shall be area-weighted when calculating the meansurface (skin) temperature. Distributed sensors shall be lessthan 1 mm in diameter an
36、d firmly attached to the manikinsurface at all points.5.4 Controlled Environmental ChamberThe manikin shallbe placed in a chamber at least 1.5 by 1.5 by 2.5 m indimension that can provide uniform conditions, both spatiallyand temporally.5.4.1 Spatial VariationsSpatial variations shall not exceedthe
37、following: air temperature 61C, relative humidity 65%,and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In addition, themean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0Cdifferent from the mean air temperature. The spatial uniformityshall be verified at least annually or after any significantmodifications
38、 are made to the chamber. Spatial uniformity shallbe verified by recording values for the conditions stated aboveat heights of 0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.7 m above the floor at thelocation occupied by the manikin. Sensing devices specifiedbelow shall be used when measuring the environmental con-ditio
39、ns.5.4.2 Temporal VariationsTemporal variations shall notexceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, mean radianttemperature 60.5C, relative humidity 65 %, air velocity620 % of the mean value for data averaged over 5 min. (see5.4.5).5.4.3 Relative Humidity Measuring EquipmentAny hu-midity sensing d
40、evice with an accuracy of 65 % relativehumidity and a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (forexample, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only onelocation needs to be monitored during a test to ensure that thetemporal uniformity requirements are met.5.4.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air t
41、emperaturesensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of60.15C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple,thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceed-ing 1 min. The sensor(s) shall be 0.5 m in front of the manikin.If a single sensor is used, it shall be 1.0 m abov
42、e the floor. Ifmultiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced at equal heightintervals and their readings averaged.5.4.5 Air Velocity IndicatorAn omni-directional anemom-eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Measurementsshall be averaged for at least 1 min at each location. If it isdemonstrat
43、ed that velocity does not vary temporally by morethan 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocityduring a test. However, the value of the mean air velocity mustbe reported. If air velocity is monitored, then measurementlocation requirements are the same as for temperature.6. Sampling
44、 and Test Specimens6.1 SamplingIt is desirable to test three identical en-sembles to reflect sample variability. However, if only oneensemble is available (that is often the case with prototypegarments), replicate measurements shall be made on oneensemble.6.1.1 If only one ensemble is available, the
45、 garments mustbe removed from the manikin after each test, dried, andconditioned as specified in 6.4 before retesting.6.2 Specimen Size and FitSelect the size of garments thatwill fit the manikin appropriately (that is, the way the manu-facturer designed them to be worn on the human body duringtheir
46、 intended end use). For example, some knitted garmentsare designed to fit the body relatively tightly. Others aredesigned to fit loosely to accommodate a wider range of bodydimensions or to allow other garments to be worn underneath.In a stationary manikin test, large air layers in the clothingsyste
47、m will contribute to a higher evaporative resistance valuethan small air layers. Therefore, garments that do not have theappropriate fit on the manikin (that is, too tight or too loose),will cause errors in measurement.6.2.1 When manikin measurements are used to comparematerials used in certain garm
48、ents, those garments must bemade from the same pattern so that design and fit variables areheld constant. In addition, they must be tested with the samecompanion garments in the ensemble (for example, underwear,footwear, and so forth).6.2.2 When manikin measurements are used to compare avariety of g
49、arments, the same size garments of a given typeshall be tested as indicated by the size label in the garments (forexample, large). However, if it is determined that the fit of agarment is inappropriate, it is acceptable to use another sizeand state it in the report.6.3 Specimen PreparationGarments shall be tested in theas-received condition or after dry cleaning or laundering inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions. The cleaningprocedures and number of processings shall be stated in thereport.6.4 ConditioningAllow the clothing components
