1、Designation: F2371 101Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Heat Removal Rate of Personal CoolingSystems Using a Sweating Heated Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2371; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially corrected 7.4.1 in February 2015.INTRODUCTIONPersonal Cooling Systems (PCS) are used whe
3、n wearers could be exposed to conditions that renderthe bodys thermoregulatory system inadequate to maintain body core temperature within a safe range.The use of PCS can reduce the possibility of heat stress related physiological disorders and can alsoprovide increased comfort, which in turn could a
4、lso result in higher productivity. Cooling needs varygreatly depending on the level of activity, the external temperature and humidity, as well as thepersonal protective equipment worn. The PCS should be selected that is best suited for the specificapplication. Sweating heated manikins provide a con
5、venient tool to assess the effectiveness of PCS asthey can provide objective and repeatable results. These instruments can be used to quantify, in areproducible manner, the cooling rate and cooling duration provided by the PCS while eliminating thevariables associated with human physiology. Sweating
6、 heated manikins can be used for directcomparisons of PCS.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of heat re-moval rate from a sweating heated manikin as well as theduration of cooling provided by a cooling garment, in order toassess the effectiveness of PCS.21.1.1 This test method requi
7、res the use of a sweating heatedmanikin. The sweating capability is essential, to take intoaccount the potentially large fraction of heat dissipation asso-ciated with evaporative cooling.1.2 The experimental values obtained for the cooling ratesand cooling duration apply only to the particular PCS a
8、ndadditional clothing ensemble (standard outer garment, outergarment integrated to the PCS, or any other outer garment, asappropriate) as tested, and for the specified environmentalconditions.1.3 The values stated in this standard shall be SI units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all o
9、f thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F1291 Test Method for M
10、easuring the Thermal Insulation ofClothing Using a Heated ManikinF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 clo, nunit of therm
11、al resistance defined as theinsulation required to keep a resting man (producing heat at therate of 58 W/m2) comfortable in an environment at 21C, airvelocity 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of typicalindoor clothing.3.1.1.1 DiscussionNumerically, the clo is equal to 0.155Km2/W.1This test m
12、ethod is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005
13、as F2371 - 05. DOI:10.1520/F2371-10E01.2The present standard does not attempt to determine the thermal insulation andevaporative resistance of garments worn with the PCS, or these same properties forthe PCSs themselves. Test Methods F1291 and F2370 are available for thesemeasurements.3For referenced
14、 ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
15、ohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worntogether on the body at the same time.3.1.3 garment, na single item of clothing (for example,shirt).3.1.4 thermal insulation, nthe resistance to dry heat trans-fer by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.
16、3.1.5 total heat loss, nthe amount of heat transferredthrough a clothing system by the combined dry and evaporativeheat exchanges under specified conditions expressed in wattsper square metre.3.2 For definitions of terms related to protective clothingused in this test method, refer to Terminology F1
17、494.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and comparethe cooling provided by different Personal Cooling Systems(PCSs) worn with a standard outer garment or with any otherspecified one.4.1.1 The test method is intended to allow garments basedon various cooling technologi
18、es to be evaluated fairly andobjectively, by taking into account convective and evaporativeheat transfer.4.1.2 A sweating thermal manikin accurately accounts forevaporative cooling, which represents the only active means ofheat transfer occurring in humans. Utilizing a sweating thermalmanikin will a
19、lso permit the heat removal rate to be measuredfor all types of PCS.4.2 The measurements of heat removal rates and duration ofcooling provided by the PCSs depend on the apparatus andtechniques used.4.2.1 It is not practical in a test method of this scope toestablish details sufficient to cover all c
20、ontingencies.4.2.2 Departures from the instructions in this test methodwill potentially lead to significantly different test results.4.2.3 Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heattransfer, temperature, air motion measurement, evaporativecooling, and testing practices is needed to evaluate w
21、hichdepartures from the instructions given in this test method aresignificant. Report any departures with the results.5. Apparatus5.1 ManikinA standing sweating manikin having theform, shape, and size of an adult male or female shall be used.The manikin shall be heated to a uniform, constant, skinte
22、mperature.5.1.1 Size and ShapeThe manikin shall be constructed tosimulate the body of a human being; that is, it shall consist ofa head, chest/back, abdomen, buttocks, arms, hands (preferablywith fingers extended to allow gloves to be worn), legs, andfeet. Total surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m2, a
23、nd height shallbe 170 6 10 cm. The manikins dimensions shall correspond tothose required for standard sizes of garments because devia-tions in fit will significantly affect the results.5.1.2 Sweat GenerationThe manikin must have the abilityto evaporate water from its surface. Some examples of asweat
24、ing system include a cotton body suit saturated withwater or water fed capillary body suit worn over a thermalmanikin. Other technologies exist that deliver water to themanikins surface with a valve delivery system.5.1.2.1 Sweating Surface AreaThe surface area fromwhich water is evaporated must incl
25、ude the chest, back,abdomen, buttocks, arms and legs. Ideally, the manikins head,hands, and feet should be sweating also.5.1.3 Surface TemperatureThe manikin shall be con-structed so as to maintain a constant uniform temperature overthe nude body surface, with no local hot or cold spots. The skintem
26、perature of the manikin shall be 35C. Local deviationsfrom the mean skin temperature shall not exceed 60.3C.Temperature uniformity of the nude manikin shall be evaluatedat least once annually using an infrared thermal imagingsystem or equivalent method. Repeat this procedure afterrepairs or alterati
27、ons are completed that could affect tempera-ture uniformity (for example, replacement of a heating ele-ment).5.2 Power-Measuring InstrumentsRecord the time historyof the power input to the manikin over the entire test period.Overall accuracy of the power monitoring equipment must bewithin 62 % of th
28、e reading for the average power for the testperiod. Since there are a variety of devices and techniques usedfor power measurement, no specified calibration proceduresshall be given. However, an appropriate power calibrationprocedure is to be developed and documented.5.3 Equipment for Measuring the M
29、anikins SkinTemperatureMeasure the mean skin temperature with pointsensors or distributed temperature sensors.5.3.1 Point SensorsPoint sensors may be thermocouples,resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equiva-lent sensors. They shall be no more than 2.0 mm thick and shallbe well bon
30、ded, both mechanically and thermally, to themanikins surface. Lead wires shall be bonded to the surface orpass through the interior of the manikin, or both. The sensorsshall be distributed so that each one represents the same surfacearea or are area-weighted when calculating the mean skintemperature
31、 for the body. A minimum of 15 point sensors arerequired. At least one sensor shall be placed on the head, chest,back, abdomen, buttocks, and both the right and left upper arm,lower arm, hand, thigh, calf, and foot. These sensors must beplaced in the same position for each test and the placement oft
32、he sensors shall be given in the report.5.3.2 Distributed SensorsIf distributed sensors are used(for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must bedistributed over the surface so that all areas are equallyweighted. If several such sensors are used to measure thetemperature of different parts of
33、 the body, then their respectivetemperatures should be area-weighted when calculating themean skin temperature. Distributed sensors must be small indiameter (that is, less than 1.0 mm) and firmly bonded to themanikin surface at all points.5.4 Controlled Environmental ChamberThe manikin shallbe place
34、d in a chamber at least 2 by 2 by2mindimension thatcan provide uniform conditions, both spatially and temporally.5.4.1 Spatial VariationsSpatial variations shall not exceedthe following: air temperature 61.0C, relative humidity65 %, and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In addition,F2371 1012the
35、 mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0Cdifferent from the mean air temperature. The spatial uniformityshall be verified at least annually or after any significantmodifications are made to the chamber. Spatial uniformity shallbe verified by recording values for the conditions stated abo
36、veat heights of 0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.7 m above the floor at thelocation occupied by the manikin. Sensing devices specifiedbelow shall be used when measuring the environmental con-ditions.5.4.2 Temporal VariationsTemporal variations shall notexceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, mean radi
37、anttemperature 60.5C, relative humidity 65 %, air velocity620 % of the mean value for data averaged over 5 minutes.(See 5.4.5).5.4.3 Relative Humidity Measuring EquipmentAnyhumidity-sensing device with an accuracy of 65 % relativehumidity and a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (forexample, wet bu
38、lb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only onelocation needs to be monitored during a test to ensure that thetemporal uniformity requirements are met.5.4.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperaturesensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of60.15C is acceptable (for example, RTD
39、, thermocouple,thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceed-ing 1 minute. The sensor(s) shall be 0.5 m in front of themanikin. If a single sensor is used it shall be 1.0 m above thefloor. If multiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced at equalheight intervals and their readings
40、averaged.5.4.5 Air Velocity IndicatorAn omni-directional anemom-eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Average measure-ments for a minimum of at least 1 min at each location. If it isdemonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by morethan 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor a
41、ir velocityduring a test. The value of the mean air velocity must bereported, however. If air velocity is monitored, then measure-ment location requirements are the same as for temperature.5.5 CalibrationCalibrate the sweating heated manikin inaccordance with Test Method F2370.6. Sampling, Test Spec
42、imens, and Test Units6.1 Personal Cooling SystemIt is sufficient to test onlyone sample personal cooling system, with replicate measure-ments made on that single sample.6.1.1 Size and FitSelect the size of the PCS garment thatbest fits the manikin. Base fit on the manufacturers designedspecification
43、s for fitting the garment to an actual human body.It is expected that certain PCS ensembles will not fit properlydue to the rigidity and set position of sweating thermalmanikins. State the size of each PCS used and any fitdiscrepancies in the report.6.2 Specimen PreparationTest the PCS in the as-rec
44、eivedcondition or after dry cleaning or laundering in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions.7. Procedure7.1 Environmental Test ConditionsThe following isother-mal conditions shall be considered standard.7.1.1 Air VelocityThe air velocity shall be 0.4 6 0.1 m/sor less during a test (that is,
45、still air conditions).7.1.2 Relative HumidityThe relative humidity shall be 406 5 % during a test.7.1.3 Air TemperatureThe air temperature shall be 35 60.5C during a test.7.2 Mean Skin Temperature of ManikinThe manikinsoutermost sweating surface temperature shall be 35 6 0.5Cfor all tests. The mean
46、skin temperature shall not be allowed todrift more than 60.1C during a 2-hour test.7.3 SweatingThe manikin surface must have water avail-able for evaporation throughout the test period. The amount ofwater on the surface should be the supplied or added to thesurface of the manikin in the same manner
47、as was used togenerate the evaporative resistance value during calibration(see 5.5).7.3.1 Manikins without sweating heads, hands or feet can-not be used to evaluate PCS that provide cooling to these areas.These manikins can only evaluate PCS that provide cooling tothe arms, legs, torso chest and bac
48、k.7.3.2 Areas that do not have a sweating surface must beheated to properly simulate heat production in a human body.7.4 Saturate the manikins sweating surface with water.Water added to the manikins sweating surface must be heatedto 35 6 0.5C before being delivered to the manikin.7.4.1 Saturation ca
49、n usually be detected visually however, ifneeded an IR camera can insure that the surface is completelysaturated.7.5 Baseline TestFirst, carry out a baseline test withoutcooling. Perform this test with the PCS ensemble placed on themanikin, but turned off, if possible, so that no cooling isprovided. In the case where the PCS cannot be turned off (forexample, ice vest, or phase change material), carry out thebaseline test with the PCS in equilibrium with the atmospherein the test chamber by previously conditioning it in th
