1、Designation: F 2397 04aAn American National StandardStandard Specification forProtective Headgear Used in Martial Arts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2397; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers performance requirements forhead protection used for training and competition in ma
3、rtialarts such as karate, wushu, and taekwondo, where normalcontact between participants may be repeated, but is limited toa level that is not intended to produce injury. These activitiestypically take place in indoor or outdoor environments wherethe temperature is moderate. This specification recog
4、nizes thedesirability of a lightweight and streamlined construction, andventilation; however it is a performance specification, and isnot intended to restrict design.1.2 All testing and requirements of this specification shallbe in accordance with Test Methods F 1446, except wherenoted in this speci
5、fication.1.3 Partial utilization of this standard is prohibited. Anystatement of compliance with this specification shall be acertification that the product meets all of the requirements ofthe specification in its entirety. A product that fails to meet anyone of the requirements of this specificatio
6、n is considered tohave failed the specification, and shall not be distributed orsold with any indication that it meets parts of the specification.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stan
7、dard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1446 Test Methods for Equipment and Procedures Usedin Evaluating the Performance Characteristics of Protec-tive Headgear3. T
8、erminology3.1 See Test Methods F 1446.4. Significance and UseThe purpose of this specification is to provide reliable andrepeatable test methods for the evaluation of protective head-gear for martial arts training and competition. Injuries resultingfrom accidentally hard hand-to-head impacts, foot-t
9、o-headimpacts, and head-to-ground impacts may be decreased inseverity and, in some cases, prevented. No headgear canprotect against all impacts, foreseeable or not. Forces resultingfrom strikes to the head due to kicks, punches, and falls are notwell understood. The mechanism of possible injury is n
10、otaddressed in this specification.5. Certification5.1 See Test Methods F 1446.6. Apparatus6.1 Test HeadformsHeadforms to be used for the stabilityand falling impact tests in this specification are as defined inTest Methods F 1446. The appropriate size headform shall beselected for the headgear to be
11、 tested. For the striking impacttests in this specification, it is acceptable to use the appropriatesize Hybrid III head- and neck-forms.6.2 Stability Test Instruments and EquipmentStability testinstruments and equipment shall be in accordance with therequirements of the roll-off test described in T
12、est MethodsF 1446.6.3 Falling Impact Test Instruments and EquipmentImpact test instruments and equipment for falling impact shallbe in accordance with the requirements of Test MethodsF 1446, using the flat anvil described in Test Methods F 1446.6.4 Striking Impact Instruments and EquipmentAll testsf
13、or striking impact shall be performed with a Hybrid IIIheadform and neck. A tri-axial accelerometer capable ofmeasuring impact of at least 1000-G and frequencies greaterthan 3 kHz, mounted at the center of mass of the headform,shall be used to measure the resultant acceleration of theheadform. The h
14、eadform and neck are to be rigidly connectedat the neck to a 25-kg steel mass, and suspended head-down ona flexible joint. The striker shall be an aluminum tube with alength of 500 6 5 mm from its pivot point to the strike point,extend an additional 50 6 5 mm beyond the strike point, andhave an exte
15、rnal diameter of 80 6 5 mm. The mass of the tubeshall be 4.5 6 0.2 kg, uniformly distributed along its length.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.53 onHeadgear and Helmets.Current e
16、dition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F 2397 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inf
17、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.The striker shall be loaded with a spring or a falling mass, suchthat when the striker is rotated back and rele
18、ased, it rotatesforward toward the headform and strikes it at the designatedpoints. No force is to be applied to the striker by the spring orfalling mass once the striker rotates forward beyond the initialimpact point, however, the striker must be free to rotateforward after impact. Rotating the str
19、iker further backwardsbefore releasing it can increase the striking speed. The terminalspeed impact shall be measured within 100 mm of the point offree rotation. A schematic diagram of a typical striking impacttester is shown in Fig. 1.7. Samples for Testing7.1 Conditions and attachments in accordan
20、ce with TestMethods F 1446.7.2 Number of SamplesA test normally requires sevensamples of each size. All testing may be done on two sizegroups only if the material, material thickness, and construc-tion of all the sizes are the same, that is, differing in coveragearea only. If only two size groups ar
21、e tested, the sizes mustrepresent the largest and smallest sizes that will fit theappropriate headform. If the material, material thickness, orconstruction is different between each size, then all sizes mustbe tested.8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 See Test Methods F 1446.9. Conditioning Envir
22、onments9.1 See Test Methods F 1446. The ambient temperature andwater immersion environments shall be used.9.2 The following modified high temperature environmentshall be used. The sample shall be kept in a 47 to 53Cenvironment for 4 to 24 h. The sample shall then be kept in a35 to 40C environment fo
23、r 4 to 24 h. Testing must beginwithin 1 min after removal from this final conditioningenvironment. Before further testing, the headgear must bereturned to the final conditioning environment within 3 min, orbe reconditioned for 5 min for each minute it is out of the finalconditioning environment beyo
24、nd the allowed 3 min.10. Test Schedule10.1 One sample from each size group to be tested will beinspected according to the schedule listed in Test MethodsF 1446.10.2 Two headgear will be assigned to the ambient condi-tioning environment. Two headgear will be assigned to each ofthe other two condition
25、ing environments.10.3 Testing will be performed in the following order:10.3.1 Retention test,10.3.2 Low-energy falling impact test,10.3.3 High-energy falling impact test,10.3.4 Low-energy striking impact test, and10.3.5 High-energy striking impact test.10.4 Testing must be complete 30 min after init
26、ial removalfrom the conditioning environment. Once testing has begun ona sample, all tests on that sample must be completed within 3min. For each minute, or fraction thereof, this time limit isexceeded, the sample must be returned to the conditioningenvironment for an additional 5 min.11. Test Metho
27、ds11.1 Reference Marking:11.1.1 Place the headgear on the appropriate headform inaccordance with Test Methods F 1446. Pre-load with a ballastof 5 kg.11.1.2 Draw lines A-B-C-D-E on the headgear as shown inFig. 2. This represents the test line for impact in the frontal,temporal, and occipital directio
28、ns. Lines A-B-C and D-E areparallel to the reference and basic planes. Line B-D isco-planar with the coronal plane. The center of impact may beselected to be anywhere on or between the test lines.311.2 Configuration:11.2.1 In general, the headgear shall be constructed toreduce the acceleration of th
29、e wearers head and to remain onthe wearers head during and after impact. The headgear shallalso include the following features.11.2.2 OpeningsThe headgear shall be designed so thatthe ears have a connection to the environment to enable thewearer to hear, as well as to prevent air pressure damagecaus
30、ed by blows to the ear. There shall also be an alternate airpath for relieving pressure to the ears in case a blow to the earseals all of the connections. This alternate air path shall be3The Hybrid III 50thpercentile male head corresponds to ASTM headform sizeJ.FIG. 1 Striking Impact Test.F 2397 04
31、a2constructed such that a rigid 6-mm diameter rod can passunobstructed from each ear to the environment.11.2.3 External SurfaceThe headgear must be cushionedexternally to prevent injury to the striking implement, presum-ably a foot, hand, or another part of the body. The externalsurfaces of the head
32、gear, including any exposed hard bucklesor fasteners, shall be cushioned with the equivalent of at least6 mm of a material with a maximum durometer hardness of 40on the Shore A scale.11.3 Materials:11.3.1 See Test Methods F 1446.11.4 Labels and Warnings:11.4.1 Each headgear shall be labeled in accor
33、dance withTest Methods F 1446.11.4.2 Each headgear shall also have instructions indicatingthat the headgear is designed to be used for martial arts trainingand competition. It should also inform the user that it is notdesigned to protect against possible trauma resulting from fullcontact strikes to
34、the head. It is designed to provide protectionfrom light and incidental impacts that may occur whileengaging in martial arts training and competition where normalcontact between participants is limited to a level that is notintended to produce injury. While headgear is designed todecrease the chance
35、 of having a head injury or decrease itsseverity, no headgear can prevent all head injuries.11.4.3 Each headgear shall also have instructions formethod and frequency of self-inspection for damage, and fordisposal after a period of time.11.5 Projections:11.5.1 Any internal projections must be in acco
36、rdance withTest Methods F 1446.11.5.2 External ProjectionsAny external rigid projectionsthat can contact the striker during impact shall be protected bymeans of cushioning. Verify that if projections are present, theyare protected. Projections may not extend beyond the exteriorsurface more than 25 m
37、m.11.6 VisionVision testing is defined in Test MethodsF 1446. The vision shall be unobstructed through an angle of105, minimum, on either side of the midsagittal plane. Thevision shall be unobstructed through an angle of 25, mini-mum, upward from the reference plane. The vision shall beunobstructed
38、through an angle of 45 downward from the basicplane. These angles are shown in Fig. 3.11.7 Stability (Roll-off) TestRoll-off testing is defined inTest Methods F 1446. The drop-mass shall be 2 6 0.1 kg andthe drop height shall be 600 6 10 mm. One sample of theheadgear conditioned to the ambient envir
39、onment will be usedfor this test.11.8 Low-Energy Falling Impact Test This test consistsof three sequential impacts, on the same headgear at the samelocation, with less than 1 min between each impact. Fourdifferent sites will be tested on the same headgear.ASTMHeadform SizeXmmYmmRmmSmmA 24.0 89.7 38.
40、0 7.0E 26.0 96.0 39.0 8.0J 27.5 102.5 41.0 8.0M 29.0 107.0 41.0 8.0O 31.0 110.0 42.0 9.0FIG. 2 Marking the Test LineFIG. 3 Vision requirementsF 2397 04a311.8.1 Performance RequirementsThe maximum accel-eration measured during any impact, cannot exceed 100-G. Inaddition, the retention system must rem
41、ain intact and theheadgear must remain on the headform during impact testing.11.8.2 Test DetailsThe impact testing shall be performedin accordance with the procedures in Test Methods F 1446unless otherwise noted.11.8.2.1 Four impact sites will be defined by the testtechnician and should represent th
42、e sites with the greatest riskof failure. The sites shall be centered anywhere on or betweenthe test lines.11.8.2.2 The headgear shall be dropped onto the flat anvil.The impact shall achieve an impact velocity of 3.0 6 0.15 m/s.Measure the resulting acceleration time history of the head-form.11.8.2.
43、3 Reposition the headgear as necessary and repeat thedrop within a 1-min time frame for a total of three drops at eachsite.11.8.2.4 Repeat the testing for each impact site and eachenvironmental condition, for a total of 36 impacts.11.9 High-Energy Falling Impact TestThis test consists ofa single imp
44、act at four different sites on the same headgear.This test is possibly destructive, thus the headgear should beinspected for damage according to the manufacturers instruc-tions for self-inspection. Damaged headgear shall not be usedfor any other tests.11.9.1 Performance RequirementsThe maximum accel
45、-eration measured during impact cannot exceed 300-G. Inaddition, the retention system must remain intact and theheadgear must remain on the headform during impact testing.11.9.2 Test DetailsThe impact testing shall be performedin accordance with the procedures of Test Methods F 1446unless otherwise
46、noted.11.9.2.1 Four impact sites will be defined by the testtechnician and should represent the sites with the greatest riskof failure. The sites shall be centered anywhere on, or between,the test lines.11.9.2.2 The headgear shall be dropped on to the flat anvil.The impact shall achieve an impact ve
47、locity of 4.0 6 0.2 m/s.Measure the resulting acceleration time history of the head-form.11.9.2.3 Repeat the testing for each impact site and eachenvironmental condition, for a total of twelve impacts.11.10 Low-Energy Striking Impact TestThis test consistsof three sequential impacts with less than o
48、ne minute betweeneach impact. The impacts shall be on the same headgear at thesame site for four different sites.11.10.1 Performance RequirementsThe maximum accel-eration measured during any impact cannot exceed 50-G. Inaddition, the retention system must remain intact and theheadgear must remain on
49、 the headform during impact testing.11.10.2 Test DetailsThe impact testing shall be performedwith the apparatus specified in Section 6.11.10.2.1 Four impact sites will be defined by the testtechnician and should represent the sites on the frontal,occipital, and temporal areas (on both sides of the headform)with the greatest risk of failure. Each test shall be centered onor between the test lines.11.10.2.2 Prior to each test, position and secure the head-gear on the test headform as in accordance with Test MethodsF 1446.11.10.2.3 The striker shall be rota
