1、Designation: F 2417 04Standard Specification forFire Safety for Candles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification is intended to prescribe requirementsfor candles to provide a reasonable degree of safety for normaluse, thereby improving personal safet
3、y and reducing fires,deaths, and injuries.1.2 This specification is not intended to replace otherimportant safety practices that should be in place, such as adultsupervision, close monitoring, fire detection, alarm or suppres-sion systems, and use of candles away from combustiblematerials.1.3 The va
4、lues stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 Flame-producing devices, such as candles, present apotential hazard to the user. This specification cannot eliminateall hazards, but will minimize the potential hazards of candlesto
5、 the user.1.5 This specification is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies und
6、eractual fire conditions.1.6 This specification does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requiremen
7、ts prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsF 400 Consumer Safety Specification for LightersF 1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles andAssociated Accessory Items2.2 NFPA Standard:3NFPA 909 Code for the Protection of Cultural Resources3. Term
8、inology3.1 Certain candle-related terminology is addressed inGuide F 1972, and the reader is directed to that guide fordefinitions not found in 3.2. For definitions of terms associatedwith fire issues, see Terminology E 176.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 altar candle, ncandle that is constructed, packaged,an
9、d labeled as an altar candle.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe candle is used in a place of wor-ship in close proximity to the altar during the religious serviceor ceremony.3.2.2 base material, nintended fuel source for candleflame.3.2.3 birthday candle, ncandle whose sole purpose is tobe used on a birthday cak
10、e.3.2.4 candle flashover, ncondition where the base mate-rials vapors ignite over the entire fuel pool.3.2.5 Easter, Paschal, sacramental candle, ncandle that isconstructed, packaged, and labeled as an Easter, Paschal, orsacramental candle (or some combination of these names, forexample, Easter/Pasc
11、hal), generally 43.2 cm (17.0 in.) or morein length.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe candle shall be displayed andburned in the place of worship as the focal candle during Easteror with the celebration of various sacraments. The candle isadorned with symbols and ornamentation as required anddeemed appropriate.
12、3.2.6 end of useful life, nwhen the candle ceases tosupport combustion and the candle flame(s) goes(go) out on itsown, as designed, and cannot be re-lit.3.2.7 ensemble, na candle and items physically packagedtogether and intended for use with the candle for sale as oneunit at the retail level.3.2.8
13、fuel pool, npool of molten base material.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.45 onCandle Products.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2004. Published August 2004. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last pr
14、evious edition approved in 2002 as PS 59 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from N
15、ational Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.9 place of worship, nany building that functionsprimarily as a group meeting place for the prac
16、tice of religion(see NFPA 909).3.2.9.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,churches, synagogues, cathedrals, temples, and meeting halls.3.2.10 secondary ignition, nself-sustained flame otherthan that on the intended wick(s) that occurs during candle use,including candle flashover.3.2.11 s
17、elf-sustained flame, nflame that continues to burnuntil the fuel source is removed or depleted or requires manualextinguishing.4. Safety Requirements4.1 Safety Requirements for Flame HeightThis safetyrequirement does not pertain to candles intended to be burnedoutdoors.4.1.1 Rationale:4.1.1.1 Candle
18、 flame heights are burn characteristics thatshall be monitored closely by manufacturers, consumers,retailers, and anyone associated with the distribution and use ofcandles.4.1.1.2 Excessive candle flame heights can increase the riskof fires when using candle products.4.1.1.3 The 76.2-mm (3.0-in.) ma
19、ximum allowable flameheight requirement for all candles excluding Easter, Paschal,sacramental, altar, and outdoor candles is, in part, based on theestablished requirement for nonadjustable, non-windprooflighters contained in Consumer Safety Specification F 400,taking into account certain differences
20、 in measurement meth-ods and other candle performance considerations not relevantto fire safety. In addition, candle flame heights are not static.The natural tendency of a candle is for the flame height to varyduring the burn life. The maximum allowable flame heightrequirement in this specification
21、takes into account suchvariation and anticipates that manufacturers will design candlesto ensure that they remain below the maximum flame heightrequirement throughout the burning period. Furthermore, themanufacturer shall determine the appropriate lower flameheight for optimum performance for indivi
22、dual candle types.4.1.1.4 The 95.3-mm (3.75-in.) maximum allowable flameheight requirement for Easter, Paschal, sacramental, and altarcandles is larger than other candles because visibility of theflame during services at the place of worship warrants slightlylarger flame heights.4.1.2 Performance Re
23、quirement:4.1.2.1 Candle flame heights (other than those of Easter,Paschal, sacramental, altar, and outdoor candles), when testedin accordance with the test method in 5.2, shall not exceed 76.2mm (3.0 in.). If at any time during the testing period the flameheight exceeds 76.2 mm (3.0 in.), extinguis
24、h that candle andrecord it as a failure.4.1.2.2 Easter, Paschal, sacramental, and altar candle flameheights, when tested in accordance with the test method in 5.2,shall not exceed 95.3 mm (3.75 in.). If at any time during thetesting period the flame height exceeds 95.3 mm (3.75 in.),extinguish that
25、candle and record it as a failure.4.1.2.3 For filled candles, if at any time during the testingperiod, regardless of flame height, the container cracks orbreaks, it shall be recorded as a failure.4.2 Safety Requirements for Secondary IgnitionThissafety requirement applies to all candles and ensemble
26、s withthe exception of Easter, Paschal, and sacramental candlesspecifically designed to be used during the service at the placeof worship.4.2.1 Rationale:4.2.1.1 Potential hazards associated with secondary ignitionsources in and on candles exist, especially if the candle is notdesigned properly. The
27、 ignition of material other than theintended wick(s) may result in damaged candles, elevated fuelpool temperatures, excessively rapid base material consump-tion, and unintended flames. All of these conditions could leadto potential fire hazards.4.2.1.2 This requirement describes the method to determ
28、inethe tendency of candles to support ignition at points other thanthe intended wick(s) that are integrated into the candles toenable them to burn.4.2.2 Performance Requirement:4.2.2.1 When the candle is tested in accordance with 5.2 ofthis specification, no secondary ignition shall occur.4.2.2.2 Re
29、cord the candle as passing the secondary ignitionspecification if no secondary ignition is observed during thetesting.4.3 Safety Requirements for End of Useful LifeThis safetyrequirement applies to all votive, freestanding, and filled(including tealights) candles and to all ensembles containingteali
30、ghts. This safety requirement does not apply to candlesrequiring a holder to keep them upright, birthday candles, andcandles intended to float on water.4.3.1 RationaleWhen the candle meets the safety require-ments for the end of useful life, this will reduce the risk of fires.4.3.2 Performance Requi
31、rement:4.3.2.1 Record votive and filled (including tealights) candleor tealight ensembles as passing the end of useful life require-ment when tested in accordance with the test method in 5.2 ifthe candle or tealight ensemble meets the definition in 3.2.6and does not break or crack the container, doe
32、s not exhibitexcessive flame height, and does not exhibit secondary ignitionas detailed in this specification.4.3.2.2 Record the freestanding candle as passing the end ofuseful life requirement when tested in accordance with the testmethod in 5.2 if the candle meets the definition in 3.2.6 and thefl
33、ame does not impinge on the supporting surface, does notexhibit excessive flame height, and does not exhibit secondaryignition as detailed in this specification.NOTE 1The use of current processes or devices that limit the candle8sability to consume all of the available fuel is offered as a way to re
34、ducecandle fires that occur at the end of the candle8s life. This does notpreclude the development of other suitable means to meet the require-ments set forth in 4.3-4.3.2.2. This reduces heat buildup at the end of lifeand the possibility of secondary ignition, candle flashover, and containerfailure
35、. While it is understood that current processes and devices will notguarantee that all fuel will not be consumed, the anticipated benefit inreducing candle fires warrants their consideration for use.4.4 Safety Requirements for StabilityThis safety require-ment is intended to cover freestanding candl
36、es that are nor-mally used without the aid of a holding device to keep themupright, filled candles (including tealights), and ensembles.Candles requiring a holder to keep them upright and votiveF2417042candles are excluded unless they are incorporated in anensemble. Easter, Paschal, sacramental, and
37、 altar candlesspecifically designed for use during the service at the place ofworship are also excluded from the requirements of thissection.4.4.1 RationaleThis requirement is intended to minimizethe hazards of candle tip over.4.4.2 Performance Requirement:4.4.2.1 Candles specified in 4.4 must not t
38、ip over whenplaced on a minimum 10.0 incline when tested in accordancewith 5.3 in this specification.4.4.2.2 Asymmetrical candles must pass this requirement ifthey do not tip over when rotated around the candles verticalaxis and tested on the incline apparatus in all orientations.5. Test Methods5.1
39、Candle fire safety issues intended to be monitored bythese test methods include flame height, secondary ignition,end of useful life, and stability.5.2 Candle Burning Performance Test:5.2.1 Summary of Test MethodCandle wicks are trimmedin accordance with the labels instructions. If no information isp
40、rovided on the label, the wicks are not trimmed for this test.All candles except tealights, tealight ensembles, and gel-containing candles are lit and allowed to burn for 4 h withperiodic observation. Gel candles and candles containing anygel materials shall be lit and allowed to burn for 8 h withpe
41、riodic observation. This procedure is repeated until the endof the candles useful life. Flame heights are observed atspecified intervals and recorded at the end of each burn cycle.Flame heights shall be measured and recorded in millimetres(inches).5.2.2 Apparatus:5.2.2.1 Nonflammable measuring devic
42、e graduated in mil-limetres (inches),5.2.2.2 Candle holder/glass (if applicable),5.2.2.3 Lighter, matches, or other source of ignition,5.2.2.4 Test surface-level, noncombustible, and5.2.2.5 Wick-trimming device.5.2.3 Safety HazardsWarningThere is an inherent riskof working with and around open flame
43、s.5.2.3.1 Appropriate personal protective equipment must beused and safe work practices must be followed.5.2.3.2 Fire suppression equipment capable of mitigatingfires associated with candle fire safety testing must be readilyavailable during testing.5.2.4 Procedure:5.2.4.1 Remove all outer wrapping.
44、 Remove label(s) inaccordance with label instructions before initiating the burntest.5.2.4.2 The burn test area will be environmentally con-trolled to 20 to 30C (68 to 86F) with minimal disturbance ofthe flames of the candles under test. Drafts affect flame heightsand shall be minimized.5.2.4.3 Plac
45、e candles with the wicks in a straight/uprightposition. When appropriate, place candles in a holder and trimwicks in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.5.2.4.4 Place candles at least 20 cm (7.87 in.) apart, mea-sured sidewall to sidewall, on test surface.5.2.4.5 Light candles and avoid c
46、ontaminating them withcarbon or debris from the ignition surface. Burn tealightcandles and tealight ensembles to their end of useful life. Burngel candles and any candles containing gel materials for 8 h.Burn all other candles for 4 h.5.2.4.6 Make visual observations after initial lighting and atlea
47、st hourly intervals throughout the entire burn duration. If aflame height appears to approach the maximum allowableflame height, measure and record the flame height and the timeof occurrence.5.2.4.7 Measure and record flame height at the end of thespecified burn cycle. For candles whose intended pro
48、duct life isless than 8 h, measure and record the flame height a minimumof two times before the end of useful life. Measure flame witha nonflammable measuring device. Carefully place the mea-suring device as close as possible behind the flame withoutdisturbing the flame. Allow flame to stabilize. Ho
49、ld themeasuring device in place for 5 s and record a maximum value(undisturbed flame). Measure the flame height from bottom offlame arc to the flame tip (see Fig. 1).5.2.4.8 At the end of burn cycle, extinguish the candle andallow to cool.5.2.4.9 Repeat 5.2.4.2-5.2.4.8 until the end of candle life.5.2.5 Calculation of Results:5.2.5.1 Record any failure for maximum flame height.5.2.5.2 Record any occurrence of secondary ignition.5.2.5.3 Record any candle that does not pass the require-ments at end of useful life in accordance with 4.3-4.3.2.2 ofthis spec
