1、Designation: F2417 11Standard Specification forFire Safety for Candles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in
2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification is intended to prescribe minimumsafety requirements for candles to provide a reasonable degreeof safety for normal use with candles, thereby
3、 improvingpersonal safety and reducing fires, deaths, and injuries.1.2 This specification is not intended to replace otherimportant safety practices that should be in place, such as adultsupervision, close monitoring, fire detection, alarm or suppres-sion systems, and use of candles away from combus
4、tiblematerials.1.3 Flame-producing devices, such as candles, present apotential hazard to the user. This specification cannot eliminateall hazards, but will minimize the potential hazards of candlesto the user.1.4 This specification is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products,
5、 or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.5 This standard is used to predict or provide a quantitativemeasure of th
6、e fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditionsinvolving specific materials, products, or assemblies. Thisassessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actualfires which involve conditions other than those assumed in theanalysis.1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-g
7、uards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.7 This specification states values in SI units which are tobe regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesis arefor information only.1.8 This specification does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,
8、if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by
9、 ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsF400 Consumer Safety Specification for LightersF1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles and
10、Associated Accessory Items2.2 NFPA Standard:3NFPA 909 Code for the Protection of Cultural Resources3. Terminology3.1 Certain candle-related terminology is addressed inGuide F1972, and the reader is directed to that guide fordefinitions not found in 3.2. For definitions of terms associatedwith fire i
11、ssues, see Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 altar candle, ncandle that is constructed, packaged,and labeled as an altar candle.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe candle is used in a place of wor-ship in close proximity to the altar during the religious serviceor ceremony.3.2.2 base material, nintended fuel
12、 source for candleflame.3.2.3 birthday candle, ncandle whose sole purpose is tobe used on a birthday cake.3.2.4 candle flashover, ncondition where the base mate-rials vapors ignite over the entire fuel pool.3.2.5 Easter, Paschal, sacramental candle, ncandle that isconstructed, packaged, and labeled
13、as an Easter, Paschal, orsacramental candle (or some combination of these names, forexample, Easter/Paschal), generally 43.2 cm (17.0 in.) or morein length.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.45
14、onCandle Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F2417 09. DOI:10.1520/F2417-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.
15、org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con
16、shohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe candle shall be displayed andburned in the place of worship as the focal candle during Easteror with the celebration of various sacraments. The candle isadorned with symbols and ornamentation as required anddeemed appropriate.3.2.6 end of
17、 useful life, nwhen the candle ceases tosupport combustion and the candle flame(s) goes(go) out on itsown, as designed, and cannot be re-lit.3.2.7 ensemble, na candle and items physically packagedtogether and intended for use with the candle for sale as oneunit at the retail level.3.2.8 fuel pool, n
18、pool of molten base material.3.2.9 noncombustible, adjnot capable of igniting andburning when subjected to a fire under specified conditions.3.2.9.1 DiscussionMaterials that are reported as passingTest Method E136 are considered noncombustible.3.2.10 place of worship, nany building that functionspri
19、marily as a group meeting place for the practice of religion(see NFPA 909).3.2.10.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,churches, synagogues, cathedrals, temples, and meeting halls.3.2.11 secondary ignition, nself-sustained flame otherthan that on the intended wick(s) that occurs during c
20、andle use,including candle flashover.3.2.11.1 DiscussionIf a wick curls over during the burn-ing of the candle such that the wick and the tip are bothtouching the melt pool but the wick only has one flame it is notto be interpreted as secondary ignition unless two or moreseparate flames can be disti
21、nguished on the same wick.3.2.12 self-sustained flame, nflame that continues to burnuntil the fuel source is removed or depleted or requires manualextinguishing.4. Safety Requirements4.1 Safety Requirements for Flame HeightThis safetyrequirement applies to all candles except candles intended to bebu
22、rned outdoors.4.1.1 Rationale:4.1.1.1 Candle flame heights are burn characteristics thatshall be monitored closely by manufacturers, consumers,retailers, and anyone associated with the distribution and use ofcandles.4.1.1.2 Excessive candle flame heights can increase the riskof fires when using cand
23、le products.4.1.1.3 The 76.2-mm (3.0-in.) maximum allowable flameheight requirement for all candles excluding Easter, Paschal,sacramental, altar, and outdoor candles is, in part, based on theestablished requirement for nonadjustable, non-windprooflighters contained in Consumer Safety Specification F
24、400,taking into account certain differences in measurement meth-ods and other candle performance considerations not relevantto fire safety. In addition, candle flame heights are not static.The natural tendency of a candle is for the flame height to varyduring the burn life. The maximum allowable fla
25、me heightrequirement in this specification takes into account suchvariation and anticipates that manufacturers will design candlesto ensure that they remain below the maximum flame heightrequirement throughout the burning period. Furthermore, themanufacturer shall determine the appropriate lower fla
26、meheight for optimum performance for individual candle types.4.1.1.4 The 95.3-mm (3.75-in.) maximum allowable flameheight requirement for Easter, Paschal, sacramental, and altarcandles is larger than other candles because visibility of theflame during services at the place of worship warrants slight
27、lylarger flame heights.4.1.2 Performance Requirement:4.1.2.1 Candle flame heights (other than those of Easter,Paschal, sacramental, altar, and outdoor candles), when testedin accordance with the test method in 5.2, shall not exceed 76.2mm (3.0 in.). If at any time during the testing period the flame
28、height exceeds 76.2 mm (3.0 in.), extinguish that candle andrecord it as a failure.4.1.2.2 Easter, Paschal, sacramental, and altar candle flameheights, when tested in accordance with the test method in 5.2,shall not exceed 95.3 mm (3.75 in.). If at any time during thetesting period the flame height
29、exceeds 95.3 mm (3.75 in.),extinguish that candle and record it as a failure.4.1.2.3 For filled candles, if at any time during the testingperiod, regardless of flame height, the container cracks orbreaks, it shall be recorded as a failure.4.2 Safety Requirements for Secondary IgnitionThissafety requ
30、irement applies to all candles and ensembles withthe exception of Easter, Paschal, and sacramental candlesspecifically designed to be used during the service at the placeof worship.4.2.1 Rationale:4.2.1.1 Potential hazards associated with secondary ignitionsources in and on candles exist, especially
31、 if the candle is notdesigned properly. The ignition of material other than theintended wick(s) may result in damaged candles, elevated fuelpool temperatures, excessively rapid base material consump-tion, and unintended flames. All of these conditions could leadto potential fire hazards.4.2.1.2 This
32、 requirement describes the method to determinethe tendency of candles to support ignition at points other thanthe intended wick(s) that are integrated into the candles toenable them to burn.4.2.2 Performance Requirement:4.2.2.1 When the candle is tested in accordance with 5.2 ofthis specification, n
33、o secondary ignition shall occur.4.2.2.2 Record the candle as passing the secondary ignitionspecification if no secondary ignition is observed during thetesting.4.3 Safety Requirements for End of Useful LifeThis safetyrequirement applies to all votive, freestanding, and filled(including tealights) c
34、andles and to all ensembles containingtealights. This safety requirement does not apply to candlesrequiring a holder to keep them upright, birthday candles, andcandles intended to float on water.4.3.1 RationaleWhen the candle meets the safety require-ments for the end of useful life, this will reduc
35、e the risk of fires.4.3.2 Performance Requirement:4.3.2.1 Record votive and filled (including tealights) candleor tealight ensembles as passing the end of useful life require-ment when tested in accordance with the test method in 5.2 ifthe candle or tealight ensemble meets the definition in 3.2.6F24
36、17 112and does not break or crack the container, does not exhibitexcessive flame height, and does not exhibit secondary ignitionas detailed in this specification.4.3.2.2 Record the freestanding candle as passing the end ofuseful life requirement when tested in accordance with the testmethod in 5.2 i
37、f the candle meets the definition in 3.2.6 and theflame does not impinge on the supporting surface, does notexhibit excessive flame height, does not exhibit secondaryignition as detailed in this specification, and does not tip overon its own accord when tested on a level surface in accordancewith 5.
38、2.NOTE 1The use of current processes or devices that limit the candle8sability to consume all of the available fuel is offered as a way to reducecandle fires that occur at the end of the candle8s life. This does notpreclude the development of other suitable means to meet the require-ments set forth
39、in 4.3-4.3.2.2. This reduces heat buildup at the end of lifeand the possibility of secondary ignition, candle flashover, and containerfailure. While it is understood that current processes and devices will notguarantee that all fuel will not be consumed, the anticipated benefit inreducing candle fir
40、es warrants their consideration for use.4.4 Safety Requirements for StabilityThis safety require-ment is intended to cover freestanding candles that are nor-mally used without the aid of a holding device to keep themupright, filled candles (including tealights), and ensembles.Candles requiring a hol
41、der to keep them upright and votivecandles are excluded unless they are incorporated in anensemble. Easter, Paschal, sacramental, and altar candlesspecifically designed for use during the service at the place ofworship are also excluded from the requirements of thissection.4.4.1 RationaleThis requir
42、ement is intended to minimizethe hazards of candle tip over.4.4.2 Performance Requirement:4.4.2.1 Candles specified in 4.4 must not tip over whenplaced on a minimum 10.0 incline when tested in accordancewith 5.3 in this specification.4.4.2.2 Asymmetrical candles must pass this requirement ifthey do
43、not tip over when rotated around the candles verticalaxis and tested on the incline apparatus in all orientations inaccordance with 5.3.4.4.2.3 Candles must remain stable when tested on a levelsurface in accordance with 5.2 and not tip over at any timeduring the candle burning performance test.4.5 S
44、afety Requirements for Plastic Containers (IncludingTea Light Cups)This requirement applies to all plasticcontainers used for candles. Containers constructed of non-combustible materials are exempt from this test.4.5.1 RationalePlastic containers used for candle applica-tions are intended to be used
45、 in close proximity to an openflame. A wide variety of materials are used to manufactureplastic containers, some of which are inappropriate and cancatch fire resulting in a potential candle fire hazard. Whenplastic containers meet this requirement for flammability therisk will be reduced of the cont
46、ainer igniting while in use andcontributing to a candle fire.4.5.2 The plastic containers specified in 4.5 must have atotal burn time less than or equal to 300 s with no single burntime event exceeding 30 s when the containers are tested inaccordance with the method in 5.4 of this standard.5. Test M
47、ethods5.1 Candle fire safety issues intended to be monitored bythese test methods include flame height, secondary ignition,end of useful life, and stability.5.2 Candle Burning Performance Test:5.2.1 Summary of Test MethodCandle wicks are trimmedin accordance with the labels instructions. If no infor
48、mation isprovided on the label, the wicks are not trimmed for this test.All candles except tealights, tealight ensembles, and gel-containing candles are lit and allowed to burn for 4 h withperiodic observation. Gel candles and candles containing anygel materials shall be lit and allowed to burn for
49、8 h withperiodic observation. This procedure is repeated until the endof the candles useful life. Flame heights are observed atspecified intervals and recorded at the end of each burn cycle.Flame heights shall be measured and recorded in millimetres(inches).5.2.2 Apparatus:5.2.2.1 Nonflammable measuring device graduated in mil-limetres (inches),5.2.2.2 Candle holder/glass (if applicable),5.2.2.3 Lighter, matches, or other source of ignition,5.2.2.4 Test surface-level, noncombustible, and5.2.2.5 Wick-trimming device.5.2.3 Safety HazardsWarningThere
