1、Designation: F2417 16Standard Specification forFire Safety for Candles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in
2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification is intended to prescribe minimumsafety requirements for candles to provide a reasonable degreeof safety for normal use with candles, thereby
3、 improvingpersonal safety and reducing fires, deaths, and injuries.1.2 This specification is not intended to replace otherimportant safety practices that should be in place, such as adultsupervision, close monitoring, fire detection, alarm or suppres-sion systems, and use of candles away from combus
4、tiblematerials.1.3 Flame-producing devices, such as candles, present apotential hazard to the user. This specification cannot eliminateall hazards, but will minimize the potential hazards of candlesto the user.1.4 This specification is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products,
5、 or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.5 This standard is used to predict or provide a quantitativemeasure of th
6、e fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditionsinvolving specific materials, products, or assemblies. Thisassessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actualfires which involve conditions other than those assumed in theanalysis.1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-g
7、uards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.7 This specification states values in SI units which are tobe regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesis arefor information only.1.8 This specification does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,
8、if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by
9、 ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsF400 Consumer Safety Specification for LightersF1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles and
10、Associated Accessory Items2.2 NFPA Standard:3NFPA 909 Code for the Protection of Cultural Resources3. Terminology3.1 Certain candle-related terminology is addressed inGuide F1972, and the reader is directed to that guide fordefinitions not found in 3.2. For definitions of terms associatedwith fire i
11、ssues, see Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 altar candle, ncandle that is constructed, packaged,and labeled as an altar candle.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe candle is used in a place of wor-ship in close proximity to the altar during the religious serviceor ceremony.3.2.2 base material, nintended fuel
12、 source for candleflame.3.2.3 birthday candle, ncandle or candle ensemble whosesole purpose is to be used on a birthday cake.3.2.4 candle flashover, ncondition where the base materi-als vapors ignite over the entire fuel pool.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onCons
13、umer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.45 onCandle Products.Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F2417 11. DOI:10.1520/F2417-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websit
14、e, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.Copyright A
15、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.5 coating, nany material, other than wax based, whichis used to cover at least a portion of the candle.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThis material includes, but is not lim-ited to, paint, glue, glitter, wo
16、od, plastic, or any other materialthat is not wax-based (which is generally considered anoverdip).3.2.5.2 DiscussionExcludes product labeling on bottomand any packaging meant to be removed prior to use.3.2.6 Easter, Paschal, sacramental candle, ncandle that isconstructed, packaged, and labeled as an
17、 Easter, Paschal, orsacramental candle (or some combination of these names, forexample, Easter/Paschal), generally 43.2 cm (17.0 in.) or morein length.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThe candle shall be displayed andburned in the place of worship as the focal candle during Easteror with the celebration of various
18、 sacraments. The candle isadorned with symbols and ornamentation as required anddeemed appropriate.3.2.7 end of useful life, nwhen the candle ceases tosupport combustion and the candle flame(s) goes(go) out on itsown, as designed, and cannot be re-lit.3.2.8 ensemble, na candle and items physically p
19、ackagedtogether and intended for use with the candle for sale as oneunit at the retail level.3.2.9 fuel pool, npool of molten base material.3.2.10 noncombustible, adjnot capable of igniting andburning when subjected to a fire under specified conditions.3.2.10.1 DiscussionMaterials that are reported
20、as passingTest Method E136 are considered noncombustible.3.2.11 non-freestanding birthday candle, nany candle orcandle ensemble that does not include pyrotechnics and isdesigned and marketed for use with birthday cakes and doesnot comply with the applicable stability requirements.3.2.11.1 Discussion
21、Section 4.4 of Specification F2417contains safety requirements for stability.3.2.12 paint, na pigmented material which is generallyapplied to the outside surface of the candle, primarily used todecorate the candle.3.2.13 place of worship, nany building that functionsprimarily as a group meeting plac
22、e for the practice of religion(see NFPA 909).3.2.13.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,churches, synagogues, cathedrals, temples, and meeting halls.3.2.14 secondary ignition, nself-sustained flame otherthan that on the intended wick(s) that occurs during candle use,including candle fla
23、shover.3.2.14.1 DiscussionIf a wick curls over during the burn-ing of the candle such that the wick and the tip are bothtouching the melt pool but the wick only has one flame it is notto be interpreted as secondary ignition unless two or moreseparate flames can be distinguished on the same wick.3.2.
24、15 self-sustained flame, nflame that continues to burnuntil the fuel source is removed or depleted or requires manualextinguishing.4. Safety Requirements4.1 Safety Requirements for Flame HeightThis safetyrequirement applies to all candles except candles intended to beburned outdoors.4.1.1 Rationale:
25、4.1.1.1 Candle flame heights are burn characteristics thatshall be monitored closely by manufacturers, consumers,retailers, and anyone associated with the distribution and use ofcandles.4.1.1.2 Excessive candle flame heights can increase the riskof fires when using candle products.4.1.1.3 The 76.2-m
26、m (3.0-in.) maximum allowable flameheight requirement for all candles excluding Easter, Paschal,sacramental, altar, and outdoor candles is, in part, based on theestablished requirement for nonadjustable, non-windprooflighters contained in Consumer Safety Specification F400,taking into account certai
27、n differences in measurement meth-ods and other candle performance considerations not relevantto fire safety. In addition, candle flame heights are not static.The natural tendency of a candle is for the flame height to varyduring the burn life. The maximum allowable flame heightrequirement in this s
28、pecification takes into account suchvariation and anticipates that manufacturers will design candlesto ensure that they remain below the maximum flame heightrequirement throughout the burning period. Furthermore, themanufacturer shall determine the appropriate lower flameheight for optimum performan
29、ce for individual candle types.4.1.1.4 The 95.3-mm (3.75-in.) maximum allowable flameheight requirement for Easter, Paschal, sacramental, and altarcandles is larger than other candles because visibility of theflame during services at the place of worship warrants slightlylarger flame heights.4.1.2 P
30、erformance Requirement:4.1.2.1 Candle flame heights (other than those of Easter,Paschal, sacramental, altar, and outdoor candles), when testedin accordance with the test method in 5.2, shall not exceed 76.2mm (3.0 in.). If at any time during the testing period the flameheight exceeds 76.2 mm (3.0 in
31、.), extinguish that candle andrecord it as a failure.4.1.2.2 Easter, Paschal, sacramental, and altar candle flameheights, when tested in accordance with the test method in 5.2,shall not exceed 95.3 mm (3.75 in.). If at any time during thetesting period the flame height exceeds 95.3 mm (3.75 in.),ext
32、inguish that candle and record it as a failure.4.1.2.3 For filled candles, if at any time during the testingperiod, regardless of flame height, the container cracks orbreaks, it shall be recorded as a failure.4.2 Safety Requirements for Secondary IgnitionThissafety requirement applies to all candles
33、 and ensembles withthe exception of all Easter, Paschal, and sacramental candlespredominantly intended to be used at the place of worshipduring the service (for less than 60 min). Non-freestandingbirthday candles are also exempt.4.2.1 Rationale:4.2.1.1 Potential hazards associated with secondary ign
34、itionsources in and on candles exist, especially if the candle is notdesigned properly. The ignition of material other than theintended wick(s) may result in damaged candles, elevated fuelF2417 162pool temperatures, excessively rapid base materialconsumption, and unintended flames. All of these cond
35、itionscould lead to potential fire hazards.4.2.1.2 This requirement describes the method to determinethe tendency of candles to support ignition at points other thanthe intended wick(s) that are integrated into the candles toenable them to burn.4.2.2 Performance Requirement:4.2.2.1 When the candle i
36、s tested in accordance with 5.2 ofthis specification, no secondary ignition shall occur.4.2.2.2 Record the candle as passing the secondary ignitionspecification if no secondary ignition is observed during thetesting.4.3 Safety Requirements for End of Useful LifeThis safetyrequirement applies to all
37、votive, freestanding, and filled(including tealights) candles and to all ensembles containingtealights. This safety requirement does not apply to candlesrequiring a holder to keep them upright, birthday candles, andcandles intended to float on water.4.3.1 RationaleWhen the candle meets the safety re
38、quire-ments for the end of useful life, this will reduce the risk of fires.4.3.2 Performance Requirement:4.3.2.1 Record votive and filled (including tealights) candleor tealight ensembles as passing the end of useful life require-ment when tested in accordance with the test method in 5.2 ifthe candl
39、e or tealight ensemble meets the definition in 3.2.7and does not break or crack the container, does not exhibitexcessive flame height, and does not exhibit secondary ignitionas detailed in this specification.4.3.2.2 Record the freestanding candle as passing the end ofuseful life requirement when tes
40、ted in accordance with the testmethod in 5.2 if the candle meets the definition in 3.2.7 and theflame does not impinge on the supporting surface, does notexhibit excessive flame height, does not exhibit secondaryignition as detailed in this specification, and does not tip overon its own accord when
41、tested on a level surface in accordancewith 5.2.NOTE 1The use of current processes or devices that limit the candlesability to consume all of the available fuel is offered as a way to reducecandle fires that occur at the end of the candles life. This does notpreclude the development of other suitabl
42、e means to meet the require-ments set forth in 4.3 4.3.2.2. This reduces heat buildup at the end of lifeand the possibility of secondary ignition, candle flashover, and containerfailure. While it is understood that current processes and devices will notguarantee that all fuel will not be consumed, t
43、he anticipated benefit inreducing candle fires warrants their consideration for use.4.4 Safety Requirements for StabilityThis safety require-ment is intended to cover freestanding candles that are nor-mally used without the aid of a holding device to keep themupright, filled candles (including teali
44、ghts), and ensembles.Candles requiring a holder to keep them upright and votivecandles are excluded unless they are incorporated in anensemble. Easter, Paschal, sacramental, and altar candlesspecifically designed for use during the service at the place ofworship are also excluded from the requiremen
45、ts of thissection.4.4.1 RationaleThis requirement is intended to minimizethe hazards of candle tip over.4.4.2 Performance Requirement:4.4.2.1 Candles specified in 4.4 must not tip over whenplaced on a minimum 10.0 incline when tested in accordancewith 5.3 in this specification.4.4.2.2 Asymmetrical c
46、andles must pass this requirement ifthey do not tip over when rotated around the candles verticalaxis and tested on the incline apparatus in all orientations inaccordance with 5.3.4.4.2.3 Candles must remain stable when tested on a levelsurface in accordance with 5.2 and not tip over at any timeduri
47、ng the candle burning performance test.4.5 Safety Requirements for Plastic Containers (IncludingTea Light Cups)This requirement applies to all plasticcontainers used for candles. Containers constructed of non-combustible materials are exempt from this test.4.5.1 RationalePlastic containers used for
48、candle applica-tions are intended to be used in close proximity to an openflame. A wide variety of materials are used to manufactureplastic containers, some of which are inappropriate and cancatch fire resulting in a potential candle fire hazard. Whenplastic containers meet this requirement for flam
49、mability therisk will be reduced of the container igniting while in use andcontributing to a candle fire.4.5.2 The plastic containers specified in 4.5 must have atotal burn time less than or equal to 300 s with no single burntime event exceeding 30 s when the containers are tested inaccordance with the method in 5.4 of this standard.4.6 Safety Requirements for Paints/Coatings on CandlesThis safety requirement is intended to cover all candles whichcontain a coating or a painted surface. This requirementexcludes filled containers where there is
