1、Designation: F2417 16F2417 17Standard Specification forFire Safety for Candles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification is intended to prescribe minimum safety requirements for candles and candle ensembles to provide areasonable degree of safety for no
3、rmal use with candles, thereby improving personal safety and reducing fires, deaths, and injuries.1.2 This specification is not intended to replace other important safety practices that should be in place, such as adultsupervision, close monitoring, fire detection, alarm or suppression systems, and
4、use of candles away from combustible materials.1.3 Flame-producing devices, such as candles, present a potential hazard to the user. This specification cannot eliminate allhazards, but will minimize the potential hazards of candles to the user.1.3 This specification is used to measure and describe t
5、he response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.4 This standard is used to predict o
6、r provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditionsinvolving specific materials, products, or assemblies. This assessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actual fires whichinvolve conditions other than those assumed in the analysis.1.5 Fire testing
7、is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.1.6 This specification states values in SIinch-pound units which are to be regarded as the standard. The values given inparenthesis are for information only.1.7 This specification does
8、not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.1.8 This i
9、nternational standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)
10、Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of Fire Standar
11、dsF400 Consumer Safety Specification for LightersF1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles and Associated Accessory Items2.2 NFPA Standard:3NFPA 909 Code for the Protection of Cultural Resources1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F15 on Consumer Products and is the
12、direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.45 on Candle Products.Current edition approved May 1, 2016Oct. 1, 2017. Published May 2016October 2017. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 asF2417 11.F2417 16. DOI: 10.1520/F2417-16.10.1520/F2417-17.2 For referencedASTM s
13、tandards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park,
14、Quincy, MA 02269-9101.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that u
15、sers consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Certain
16、candle-related terminology is addressed in Guide F1972, and the reader is directed to that guide for definitions notfound in 3.2. For definitions of terms associated with fire issues, see Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions: Candle Classification Terms:3.2.1 candle, none or more combustible wicks suppo
17、rted by a material that constitutes a fuel which is solid, semi-solid, orquasi-rigid at room temperature, 68 to 80F (20 to 27C); it can also contain additives that are used for color, scent, stability, orto modify the burning characteristics; the combined function of which is to sustain a light-prod
18、ucing flame.3.2.2 extended use candle, na candle that is intended for home use to be burned continuously for longer than 4 hours,excluding tealight candles.3.2.2.1 DiscussionExamples of extended use candles include religious candles, available to consumers, intended to be burned continuously for 24h
19、ours or multiple days.3.2.3 filled candle, na candle produced and used within the same container or vessel.3.2.4 freestanding candle, na rigid candle that is intended to be burned outside a container and does not require a holder tokeep it upright, excluding votive candles.3.2.4.1 DiscussionExamples
20、 of freestanding candles include pillar-shaped, column-shaped, and figurine candles.3.2.5 gel-containing candle, na candle where the primary fuel is a liquid, such as mineral oil, terpene type chemicals, ormodified hydrocarbons that are not mineral oil based, which may or may not contain organic fun
21、ctional groups; it also containsa chemical agent to increase the viscosity (thicken) to a point where the candle has a quasi-rigid property.3.2.6 non-freestanding birthday candle, nany candle or candle ensemble that does not include pyrotechnics and is designedand marketed for use with birthday cake
22、s and does not comply with the applicable stability requirements.3.2.6.1 Discussion4.5 contains safety requirements for stability.3.2.7 outdoor candle, na candle intended to be burned outdoors.3.2.8 religious/ceremonial candle, na candle that is predominantly intended, constructed, packaged, and lab
23、eled for use in apublic venue during a religious or similar ceremony.3.2.8.1 DiscussionCandles such as an Easter, Paschal, sacramental, or altar (or some combination, for example Easter/Paschal), generally 17 in. (43cm) or more in length are considered religious/ceremonial candles. These candles are
24、 generally displayed and burned in the placeof worship as the focal candle during a ceremony, service, or event. These candles may be adorned with symbols andornamentation as required and deemed appropriate.3.2.9 tealight candle, na cylindrical filled candle produced with a diameter and height of ap
25、proximately 1.5 in. (38 mm) and0.75 in. (19 mm) respectively.3.2.10 votive candle, na candle produced for use fully within a candle accessory, specifically, a votive holder.3.3 Definitions: General Terms:3.3.1 altar candle,barrier technology, ncandle that is constructed, packaged, and labeled as an
26、altar candle. a functional designelement of a candle accessory that minimizes the risk of the flame spreading to combustible components of the candle accessoryas a result of foreseeable misuse or failure of the candle.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe candle is used in a place of worship in close proximity to t
27、he altar during the religious service or ceremony.3.3.1.1 DiscussionF2417 172Examples include a durable, noncombustible wall, or space absent of combustible objects.3.3.2 base material, nthe intended fuel source for candle flame.the candle.3.3.3 burn cycle, nthe length of time a candle burns from wh
28、en it is lit to when it is manually extinguished or from when itis lit until it extinguishes on its own at end of useful life.3.3.3.1 DiscussionBurn cycles for tealight candles are until end of useful life; burn cycles for gel-containing candles are 8 h; burn cycles for extendeduse candles are as la
29、beled or intended; and burn cycles for all other candles are 4 h.3.3.4 birthday candle,burn time, ncandle or candle ensemble whose sole purpose is to be used on a birthday cake.the timea material supports sustained flaming combustion after removal of the ignition source until all flaming ceases.3.3.
30、5 candle flashover, nthe condition where the base materialsmaterials vapors ignite over the entire fuel pool.pool3.3.6 coating, coatingnany material, other than wax based, which is used to cover at least a portion of the candle.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThis material includes, but is not limited to, paint,
31、glue, glitter, wood, plastic, or any other material that is not wax-based (whichis generally considered an overdip).3.2.5.2 DiscussionExcludes product labeling on bottom and any packaging meant to be removed prior to use.3.3.6.1 DiscussionThis material includes, but is not limited to, paint, glue, g
32、litter, wood, plastic, or any other material that is not wax-based (whichis generally considered an overdip).3.3.6.2 DiscussionExcludes product labeling on bottom and any packaging meant to be removed prior to use.3.3.7 Easter, Paschal, sacramental candle, diffusion flame, ncandle that is constructe
33、d, packaged, and labeled as an Easter,Paschal, or sacramental candle (or some combination of these names, for example, Easter/Paschal), generally 43.2 cm (17.0 in.)or more in length. a type of flame where the fuel is not premixed with air or other oxygen source.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThe candle shall be
34、displayed and burned in the place of worship as the focal candle during Easter or with the celebration of varioussacraments. The candle is adorned with symbols and ornamentation as required and deemed appropriate.3.3.7.1 DiscussionDiffusion flames are typically red, yellow, or orange in color.3.3.8
35、end of useful life, nwhen the candle ceases to support combustion and the candle flame(s) goes(go) out on its own, asdesigned, and cannot be re-lit.3.3.9 ensemble, na candle and items physically packaged together and intended for use with the candle for sale as one unitat the retail level.3.3.10 fla
36、me height, nthe length of the candle flame from the base to the tip.3.3.11 flame impingement, nthe situation where the flame makes contact with a surface.3.3.11.1 DiscussionWithin this standard, the concern is when a freestanding candle flame impinges on the supporting surface at the end of useful l
37、ife.3.3.12 fuel pool, npool of molten base material.F2417 1733.3.13 noncombustible, adjnot capable of igniting and burning when subjected to a fire under specified conditions.3.2.10.1 DiscussionMaterials that are reported as passing Test Method E136 are considered noncombustible.3.3.13.1 DiscussionM
38、aterials that are reported as passing Test Method E136 are considered noncombustible.3.2.11 non-freestanding birthday candle, nany candle or candle ensemble that does not include pyrotechnics and is designedand marketed for use with birthday cakes and does not comply with the applicable stability re
39、quirements.3.2.11.1 DiscussionSection 4.4 of Specification F2417 contains safety requirements for stability.3.2.12 paint, na pigmented material which is generally applied to the outside surface of the candle, primarily used to decoratethe candle.3.3.14 place of worship, nany building that functions
40、primarily as a group meeting place for the practice of religion (see NFPA909).3.2.13.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to, churches, synagogues, cathedrals, temples, and meeting halls.3.3.14.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to, churches, synagogues, cathedrals, temples, mosq
41、ues, and meeting halls.3.3.15 secondary ignition, na self-sustained flame other than that on the intended wick(s) that occurs during candle use,including candle flashover.3.2.14.1 DiscussionIf a wick curls over during the burning of the candle such that the wick and the tip are both touching the mel
42、t pool but the wickonly has one flame it is not to be interpreted as secondary ignition unless two or more separate flames can be distinguished on thesame wick.3.3.15.1 DiscussionIf a wick curls over during the burning of the candle such that the wick and the tip are both touching the melt pool but
43、the wickonly has one flame it is not to be interpreted as secondary ignition unless two or more separate flames can be distinguished on thesame wick.3.3.16 self-sustained flame, na flame that continues to burn until the fuel source is removed or depleted or requires manualextinguishing.3.3.17 useful
44、 lifetotal length of time a candle burns.3.3.18 wick, nan object that delivers fuel to a flame through the process of capillary action.4. Safety Requirements4.1 Safety Requirements for Flame HeightHeight: This safety requirement applies to all candles except candles intended tobe burned outdoors.4.1
45、.1 Rationale: This safety requirement applies to all candles except outdoor candles. See X1.1.4.1.1.1 Candle flame heights are burn characteristics that shall be monitored closely by manufacturers, consumers, retailers, andanyone associated with the distribution and use of candles.4.1.1.2 Excessive
46、candle flame heights can increase the risk of fires when using candle products.4.1.1.3 The 76.2-mm (3.0-in.) maximum allowable flame height requirement for all candles excluding Easter, Paschal,sacramental, altar, and outdoor candles is, in part, based on the established requirement for nonadjustabl
47、e, non-windproof lightersF2417 174contained in Consumer Safety Specification F400, taking into account certain differences in measurement methods and othercandle performance considerations not relevant to fire safety. In addition, candle flame heights are not static. The natural tendencyof a candle
48、is for the flame height to vary during the burn life. The maximum allowable flame height requirement in thisspecification takes into account such variation and anticipates that manufacturers will design candles to ensure that they remainbelow the maximum flame height requirement throughout the burni
49、ng period. Furthermore, the manufacturer shall determine theappropriate lower flame height for optimum performance for individual candle types.4.1.1.4 The 95.3-mm (3.75-in.) maximum allowable flame height requirement for Easter, Paschal, sacramental, and altar candlesis larger than other candles because visibility of the flame during services at the place of worship warrants slightly larger flameheights.4.1.2 Performance Requirement: RequirementWhen tested in accordance with test method in 5.2:4.1.2.1 Candle flame he
