1、Designation: F 2482 05Standard Specification forLoad-Indicating Externally Threaded Fasteners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2482; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers externally threaded bolts,studs, and cap screws as defined in Table 1, herein calledfasteners, capable of in
3、dicating clamping forces up to yieldstrength during the tightening process or post installationresidual tension, or both. Load-indicating fasteners utilizemechanical, electronic, or ultrasonic means to indicate fastenertension.1.2 This specification covers bolt diameters14 to 7 in.inclusive.1.3 Thes
4、e fasteners provide a means to verify the desiredclamp load in critical applications upon installation and inservice.1.4 The following precautionary statement pertains only tothe test method portion, Section 11, of the specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concern
5、s,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 193/A 193M Specification for Alloy-Steel an
6、d StainlessSteel Bolting Materials for High-Temperature ServiceA 325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heated,120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile StrengthA 354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered AlloySteel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasten-ersA 449 Specification for Quenched a
7、nd Tempered SteelBolts and StudsA 490 Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, HeatTreated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile StrengthE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 1685 Practice for Measuring the Change in Length ofFasteners Using the Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo TechniqueF 1470 Gu
8、ide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechani-cal Properties and Performance InspectionF 1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners3. Terminology3.1 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-nology F 1789, unless otherwise specified herein.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 calibration of accura
9、cy lotlot shall consist of allload-indicating fasteners processed essentially togetherthrough all operations to the shipping container that are of thesame nominal size, the same nominal length, andmanufactured/calibrated from the same mill heat of steel. Thislot is used for the purpose of assigning
10、an identification numberand from which calibrated samples shall be selected.3.2.2 load-indicating fastenerexternally threaded fastenerequipped with a load indicating device capable of measuringfastener tension during the tightening process or residualtension after tightening, or both.4. Classificati
11、on4.1 This specification covers the following four differenttypes of load-indicating fasteners:4.1.1 Mechanical Dial Type (MT)This type of fastenerincorporates a dial on the head of the bolt or end of the stud thatcontinuously displays the tension in the fastener.4.1.2 Electronic Type (ET) This type
12、 of fastener employsan electronic measuring device attached to the head or end toobtain readings indicating the tension in the fastener.4.1.3 Strain Gauge Type (ST)This type of fastener incor-porates a bonded device wired in a wheatstone bridge configu-ration which, through changes in relative resis
13、tance, reportstension in the fastener.4.1.4 Ultrasonic Type (UT)This type of fastener incorpo-rates an acoustic coupling device using pulse-echo techniquecapable of converting time-of-flight (TOF) measurements intoexisting fastener tension.4.2 Various grades are listed in Table 1.1This specification
14、 is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets, and Washers.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published December 2005.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
15、 ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Ordering Information5.
16、1 Orders for load indicating fasteners shall include thefollowing:5.1.1 Quantity;5.1.2 Size, including nominal diameter, thread pitch andlength;5.1.3 Head style of fastener component;5.1.4 ASTM designation, grade, and type, as applicable forfastener component (see 4.1 and Table 1);5.1.5 Coating or f
17、inish, if required;5.1.6 Test report or certificate of compliance, if required;and5.1.7 Special requirements, if required.NOTE 1A typical ordering information follows: 1000 pieces, 1-8 3 8Heavy Hex Structural BoltASTM XXXX Grade. 325-1, Mechanical Dial,Electrodeposited Zinc Coating ASTM F 1941 Coati
18、ng FeZn, Thickness 5.Include Test Report required.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 All load-indicating fasteners shall be manufactured orprocessed to ensure no degradation of the mechanical proper-ties of the fastener component from which the load-indicatingfastener is derived (see Section 7).6.1.1 T
19、ype MT load-indicating fasteners shall incorporate acalibrated dial capable of displaying fastener tension readingsup to the yield strength of the fastener.6.1.2 Type ET load-indicating fasteners shall incorporate ameasuring device capable of displaying load indications up tothe yield strength on a
20、digital readout.6.1.3 Type ST load-indicating fasteners shall incorporatepermanently bonded electronic-resistance devices configuredin a Wheatstone Bridge configuration. The fastener shall thenbe capable of being connected to an electronic unit to measureinstalled tension between 0 and 100 % of the
21、proof-load of thefastener.6.1.4 Type UT load-indicating fasteners shall incorporate anacoustic coupling device to the end of the fastener, using apulse-echo technique capable of converting time-of-flight(TOF) measurements into existing fastener tension (see Prac-tice E 1685).7. Chemical and Mechanic
22、al Properties7.1 The chemical and mechanical properties shall be dic-tated by the associated ASTM specification to which theload-indicating features are being added. See Table 1.8. Performance Requirements8.1 Calibration of AccuracyThe load-indicating fastenershall be calibrated to 65 % accuracy up
23、to the proof load of thefastener unless otherwise specified at the time of order.8.2 Field TestsThe purchaser shall have the option ofperforming field tests to verify calibration accuracy. Whenexercised, the load-indicating fasteners and all lots shalldemonstrate an accuracy of 65 % when tested in a
24、ccordancewith Appendix X1.9. Dimensions9.1 All dimension requirements with the exception of head-height on bolts and cap screws shall be in conformance withthe requirements of the applicable dimensional specification ofthe fasteners. Head height may be increased by 1.0 in. max. toincorporate load-in
25、dicating features as specified by the manu-facturer.10. Number of Tests and Retests10.1 Number of Tests:10.1.1 The minimum number of pieces for calibration ofaccuracy tests from each calibration lot shall conform withTable 2.TABLE 1 Grades and ClassificationLoad-Indicating FastenerGrade/Head Marking
26、Bolt Diameter, in. Min. Tensile StrengthClassificationMechanical/Chemical/TestingRequirements In Accordance With:325-112 to 1, incl. 120 000 psi Specification A 325 Type 1118 to 112 , incl. 105 000 psi325-312 to 1, incl. 120 000 psi Specification A 325 Type 3118 to 112 , incl. 105 000 psi490-112 to
27、112 in., incl. 150 000 psi Specification A 490 Type 1490-312 to 112 in., incl. 150 000 psi Specification A 490 Type 344914 to 1, incl. 120 000 psi Specification A 449 Type 1118 to 112 , incl. 105 000 psi134 to 3, incl. 90 000 psi354-BC14 to 212 , incl. 125 000 psi Specification A 354 Grade BC212 to
28、7, incl. 115 000 psi354-BD14 to 212 , incl. 150 000 psi Specification A 354 Grade BD212 to 7, incl. 140 000 psi193B714 to 212 , incl. 125 000 psi Specification A 193/A 193M B7212 to 4, incl. 115 000 psi4 to 7, incl. 100 000 psi193B7M14 to 4, incl. 100 000 psi Specification A 193/A 193M B7M4 to 7, in
29、cl. 100 000 psi193B514 to 4, incl. 100 000 psi Specification A 193/A 193M B5193B614 to 4, incl. 110 000 psi Specification A 193/A 193M B6193B1614 to 212 , incl. 125 000 psi Specification A 193/A 193M B16212 to 4, incl. 110 000 psi4 to 7, incl. 100 000 psiF248205210.1.2 When calibrating in accordance
30、 with the requiredsampling plan, a lot shall be rejected if any of the testspecimens fail to meet the calibration requirements.11. Test Methods11.1 For mechanical and chemical requirements, refer toparent specification in Table 1.11.2 Test Device:11.2.1 The tension measuring device shall be capable
31、ofmeasuring the assembly tension during calibration of the loadindicating fasteners.11.2.2 The testing apparatus shall conform to the require-ments of Practices E4. The loads used in determining tensionloads shall be within the verified loading range of the testingmachine in accordance with Practice
32、s E4.11.2.3 The tension measuring device shall be calibrated in25 % increments, as a minimum, up to the maximum loadcapacity of the device.11.2.4 Calibrate the tension measuring device (and anyother equipment) based on the frequency of use and theequipment manufactures recommendation, but not less t
33、hanone time per year.11.3 Accuracy Calibration of Load-Indicating Fasteners:11.3.1 Install the load indicating fastener, nut, washer, andappropriate spacer washer(s) in the tension measuring device.The device shall not restrain the top of the measuring device onthe load indicating fastener.11.3.2 Th
34、e bolts shall be tightened to #2 % of the testsample proof load.11.3.3 Apply tension force at 25 % increments up to theproof load requirement of the parent specification. The load-indicating fastener must exhibit accuracy to 65 % of the testdevice in Section 11.2.11.3.4 Tension values shall be recor
35、ded from the load-indicating fastener for certification purposes.11.4 In-Field TestingField tests, when required to verifymanufacturers certification, shall be conducted in accordancewith Appendix X1.12. Inspection12.1 When required by the purchaser, the inspection de-scribed in 12.2 shall be specif
36、ied in the inquiry and contract ororder.12.2 The inspector representing the purchaser shall havefree entry to all parts of the manufacturers works or suppliersplace of business that concern the manufacture or supply of theload-indicating fasteners ordered. The manufacturer or suppliershall afford th
37、e inspector all reasonable facilities to satisfy himthat the material is being furnished in accordance with thisspecification. All tests and inspections required by the specifi-cation that are requested by the purchasers representative shallbe made before shipment, and shall be conducted so as not t
38、ounnecessarily interfere with the operation of the manufactur-ers works or suppliers place of business.13. Rejection and Rehearing13.1 Disposition of nonconforming load-indicating fasten-ers shall be in accordance with the section on Disposition ofNonconforming Lots of Guide F 1470.14. Certification
39、14.1 When specified on the order, the manufacturer shallfurnish a test report as described in 14.2 and a certificate ofcompliance as described in 14.3, if required.14.2 When test reports are required, the manufacturers shallfurnish a test report for each calibration of accuracy lot fromwhich load-in
40、dicating fasteners are supplied to fill a shipment.The report shall show the heat number (to ensure that thechemical composition is on record and could be furnished uponrequest), calibration loads, nominal size, calibration of accu-racy lot identification number, ASTM designation, type orgrade, and
41、issue date, and purchase order number.14.3 When certificates of compliance for mechanical testingare required, the manufacturer shall furnish a certificate certi-fying that the fasteners used for the load indicators have beenmanufactured and tested to conform to the required specifica-tion at the ti
42、me of order in accordance with Table 1.14.3.1 Heat analysis, heat number,14.3.2 Results of hardness, tensile, and proof load tests,14.3.3 Plating and coating weight/thickness for coated fas-teners,14.3.4 Lot number and purchase order number,14.3.5 Complete mailing address of responsible party, and14
43、.3.6 Title and signature of the individual assigned certi-fication responsibility by the company officers.15. Responsibility15.1 The party responsible for the load-indicating fastenersshall be the organization that supplies the fastener to thepurchaser and certifies that the load-indicating fastener
44、s havebeen manufactured, sampled, tested and inspected in accor-dance with this specification and meets all of its requirements.16. Product Marking16.1 Manufacturers IdentificationAll fasteners listed inTable 1 shall be marked by the manufacturer with a uniqueidentifier to identify the manufacturer.
45、16.2 Specification and grade identification marking shall bepresent and in accordance with Table 1 (for example, F XXXX325-1).16.3 Marking Location and Methods All markings shallbe located on the top of the bolt head and may be either raisedor depressed at the manufacturers option. Markings can also
46、be placed on the flats of the fastener head if space is limited.16.4 Acceptance CriteriaBolts which are not marked inaccordance with these provisions shall be considered noncon-forming and subject to rejection.TABLE 2 Calibration TableTestNumber of Piecesin CalibrationLotNumber of TestsAcceptanceNum
47、berCalibration ofAccuracy100 and less 10 0101 to 500 25 0501 to 1000 50 01001 and greater 100 0F248205317. Packaging and Package Marking17.1 Packaging:17.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, packaging shall be inaccordance with the practice of the manufacturer.17.1.2 When special packaging requirements a
48、re required,they shall be defined at the time of the inquiry and order17.2 Package Marking:17.2.1 Each shipping unit shall include or be marked plainlywith the following information:17.2.1.1 Load-indicating fastener, ASTM designationF XXXX-XX, including type and grade;17.2.1.2 Size, including nom. d
49、iameter, length, and threadpitch;17.2.1.3 Name and brand or trademark of the manufactureror private label distributor;17.2.1.4 Number of pieces;17.2.1.5 Purchase order number;17.2.1.6 Name of product;17.2.1.7 Lot identification number;17.2.1.8 Finish; and17.2.1.9 Country of origin.18. Keywords18.1 alloy steel; alternate design fasteners; bolts; cap screw;carbon steel; fasteners; load-indicating fastener; load indica-tors; structural; stud; tension control bolt; tension indicators;weathering steelAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. FI
