1、Designation: F 2482 08Standard Specification forLoad-Indicating Externally Threaded Fasteners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2482; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers externally threaded bolts,studs, and cap screws as defined in Table 1, herein calledfasteners, capable of in
3、dicating clamping forces up to yieldstrength during the tightening process or post installationresidual tension, or both. Load-indicating fasteners utilizemechanical, electronic, or ultrasonic means to indicate fastenertension.1.2 This specification covers bolt diameters14 to 7 in.inclusive.1.3 Thes
4、e fasteners provide a means to verify the desiredclamp load in critical applications upon installation and inservice.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 The following precautionary statement pertains
5、only tothe test method portion, Section 11, of the specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicabil
6、ity of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 193/A 193M Specification for Alloy-Steel and StainlessSteel Bolting Materials for High Temperature or HighPressure Service and Other Special Purpose ApplicationsA 325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, H
7、eatTreated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile StrengthA 354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered AlloySteel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasten-ersA 449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs,Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum TensileStrength, General UseA 490 Specifi
8、cation for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, HeatTreated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile StrengthE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 1685 Practice for Measuring the Change in Length ofFasteners Using the Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo TechniqueF 1470 Guide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mecha
9、ni-cal Properties and Performance InspectionF 1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners3. Terminology3.1 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-nology F 1789, unless otherwise specified herein.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 calibration of accuracy lotlot shall consist of allload-indicating
10、 fasteners processed essentially togetherthrough all operations to the shipping container that are of thesame nominal size, the same nominal length, andmanufactured/calibrated from the same mill heat of steel. Thislot is used for the purpose of assigning an identification numberand from which calibr
11、ated samples shall be selected.3.2.2 load-indicating fastenerexternally threaded fastenerequipped with a load indicating device capable of measuringfastener tension during the tightening process or residualtension after tightening, or both.4. Classification4.1 This specification covers the following
12、 four differenttypes of load-indicating fasteners:4.1.1 Mechanical Dial Type (MT)This type of fastenerincorporates a dial on the head of the bolt or end of the stud thatcontinuously displays the tension in the fastener.4.1.2 Electronic Type (ET) This type of fastener employsan electronic measuring d
13、evice attached to the head or end toobtain readings indicating the tension in the fastener.4.1.3 Strain Gauge Type (ST)This type of fastener incor-porates a bonded device wired in a wheatstone bridge configu-ration which, through changes in relative resistance, reportstension in the fastener.4.1.4 U
14、ltrasonic Type (UT)This type of fastener incorpo-rates an acoustic coupling device using pulse-echo techniquecapable of converting time-of-flight (TOF) measurements intoexisting fastener tension.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct respons
15、ibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets and Washers.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F2482052For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus
16、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
17、n, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Various grades are listed in Table 1.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for load indicating fasteners shall include thefollowing:5.1.1 Quantity;5.1.2 Size, including nominal diameter, thread pitch andlength;5.1.3 Head style of fastener component;5.1.4 ASTM designat
18、ion, grade, and type, as applicable forfastener component (see 4.1 and Table 1);5.1.5 Coating or finish, if required;5.1.6 Test report or certificate of compliance, if required;and5.1.7 Special requirements, if required.NOTE 1A typical ordering information follows: 1000 pieces, 1-8 3 8Heavy Hex Stru
19、ctural BoltASTM XXXX Grade. 325-1, Mechanical Dial,Electrodeposited Zinc Coating ASTM F 1941 Coating FeZn, Thickness 5.Include Test Report required.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 All load-indicating fasteners shall be manufactured orprocessed to ensure no degradation of the mechanical proper-ties o
20、f the fastener component from which the load-indicatingfastener is derived (see Section 7).6.1.1 Type MT load-indicating fasteners shall incorporate acalibrated dial capable of displaying fastener tension readingsup to the yield strength of the fastener.6.1.2 Type ET load-indicating fasteners shall
21、incorporate ameasuring device capable of displaying load indications up tothe yield strength on a digital readout.6.1.3 Type ST load-indicating fasteners shall incorporatepermanently bonded electronic-resistance devices configuredin a Wheatstone Bridge configuration. The fastener shall thenbe capabl
22、e of being connected to an electronic unit to measureinstalled tension between 0 and 100 % of the proof-load of thefastener.6.1.4 Type UT load-indicating fasteners shall incorporate anacoustic coupling device to the end of the fastener, using apulse-echo technique capable of converting time-of-fligh
23、t(TOF) measurements into existing fastener tension (see Prac-tice E 1685).7. Chemical and Mechanical Properties7.1 The chemical and mechanical properties shall be dic-tated by the associated ASTM specification to which theload-indicating features are being added. See Table 1.8. Performance Requireme
24、nts8.1 Calibration of AccuracyThe load-indicating fastenershall be calibrated to 65 % accuracy up to the proof load of thefastener unless otherwise specified at the time of order.8.2 Field TestsThe purchaser shall have the option ofperforming field tests to verify calibration accuracy. Whenexercised
25、, the load-indicating fasteners and all lots shalldemonstrate an accuracy of 65 % when tested in accordancewith Appendix X1.9. Dimensions9.1 All dimension requirements with the exception of head-height on bolts and cap screws shall be in conformance withthe requirements of the applicable dimensional
26、 specification ofthe fasteners. Head height may be increased by 1.0 in. max. toincorporate load-indicating features as specified by the manu-facturer.10. Number of Tests and Retests10.1 Number of Tests:10.1.1 The minimum number of pieces for calibration ofaccuracy tests from each calibration lot sha
27、ll conform withTable 2.10.1.2 When calibrating in accordance with the requiredsampling plan, a lot shall be rejected if any of the testspecimens fail to meet the calibration requirements.TABLE 1 Grades and ClassificationLoad-Indicating FastenerGrade/Head MarkingBolt Diameter, in. Min. Tensile Streng
28、thClassificationMechanical/Chemical/TestingRequirements In Accordance With:325-112 to 1, incl. 120 000 psi Specification A 325 Type 1118 to 112 , incl. 105 000 psi325-312 to 1, incl. 120 000 psi Specification A 325 Type 3118 to 112 , incl. 105 000 psi490-112 to 112 in., incl. 150 000 psi Specificati
29、on A 490 Type 1490-312 to 112 in., incl. 150 000 psi Specification A 490 Type 344914 to 1, incl. 120 000 psi Specification A 449 Type 1118 to 112 , incl. 105 000 psi134 to 3, incl. 90 000 psi354-BC14 to 212 , incl. 125 000 psi Specification A 354 Grade BC212 to 7, incl. 115 000 psi354-BD14 to 212 ,
30、incl. 150 000 psi Specification A 354 Grade BD212 to 7, incl. 140 000 psi193B714 to 212 , incl. 125 000 psi Specification A 193/A 193M B7212 to 4, incl. 115 000 psi4 to 7, incl. 100 000 psi193B7M14 to 4, incl. 100 000 psi Specification A 193/A 193M B7M4 to 7, incl. 100 000 psi193B514 to 4, incl. 100
31、 000 psi Specification A 193/A 193M B5193B614 to 4, incl. 110 000 psi Specification A 193/A 193M B6193B1614 to 212 , incl. 125 000 psi Specification A 193/A 193M B16212 to 4, incl. 110 000 psi4 to 7, incl. 100 000 psiF248208211. Test Methods11.1 For mechanical and chemical requirements, refer topare
32、nt specification in Table 1.11.2 Test Device:11.2.1 The tension measuring device shall be capable ofmeasuring the assembly tension during calibration of the loadindicating fasteners.11.2.2 The testing apparatus shall conform to the require-ments of Practices E4. The loads used in determining tension
33、loads shall be within the verified loading range of the testingmachine in accordance with Practices E4.11.2.3 The tension measuring device shall be calibrated in25 % increments, as a minimum, up to the maximum loadcapacity of the device.11.2.4 Calibrate the tension measuring device (and anyother equ
34、ipment) based on the frequency of use and theequipment manufactures recommendation, but not less thanone time per year.11.3 Accuracy Calibration of Load-Indicating Fasteners:11.3.1 Install the load indicating fastener, nut, washer, andappropriate spacer washer(s) in the tension measuring device.The
35、device shall not restrain the top of the measuring device onthe load indicating fastener.11.3.2 The bolts shall be tightened to #2 % of the testsample proof load.11.3.3 Apply tension force at 25 % increments up to theproof load requirement of the parent specification. The load-indicating fastener mu
36、st exhibit accuracy to 65 % of the testdevice in Section 11.2.11.3.4 Tension values shall be recorded from the load-indicating fastener for certification purposes.11.4 In-Field TestingField tests, when required to verifymanufacturers certification, shall be conducted in accordancewith Appendix X1.12
37、. Inspection12.1 When required by the purchaser, the inspection de-scribed in 12.2 shall be specified in the inquiry and contract ororder.12.2 The inspector representing the purchaser shall havefree entry to all parts of the manufacturers works or suppliersplace of business that concern the manufact
38、ure or supply of theload-indicating fasteners ordered. The manufacturer or suppliershall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities to satisfy himthat the material is being furnished in accordance with thisspecification. All tests and inspections required by the specifi-cation that are requested
39、 by the purchasers representative shallbe made before shipment, and shall be conducted so as not tounnecessarily interfere with the operation of the manufactur-ers works or suppliers place of business.13. Rejection and Rehearing13.1 Disposition of nonconforming load-indicating fasten-ers shall be in
40、 accordance with the section on Disposition ofNonconforming Lots of Guide F 1470.14. Certification14.1 Calibration Accuracy Test Report14.1.1 When a Calibration Accuracy Test Report is requiredand specified on the Purchase Order,the manufacturers shallfurnish a test report for each calibration of ac
41、curacy lot fromwhich load-indicating fasteners are supplied to fill a shipment.The report shall show the heat number (to ensure that thechemical composition is on record and could be furnished uponrequest), calibration loads, nominal size, calibration of accu-racy lot identification number, ASTM des
42、ignation, type orgrade, and issue date, and purchase order number.14.2 Chemical and Mechanical Tests, Certificate of Com-pliance14.2.1 When a Certificate of Compliance for chemical andmechanical tests is required and specified on the purchase orderthe manufacturer shall furnish a certificate certify
43、ing that thefasteners used for the load indicators have been manufacturedand tested to conform to the required specification in accor-dance with Table 1at the time of order.14.3 Chemical and Mechanical Tests, Test Report14.3.1 When a Test Report for chemical and mechanical testis required and specif
44、ied on the Purchase Order, the manufac-turer shall furnish a Test(s) Report showing the following:(1) Heat analysis, heat number,(2) Results of hardness, tensile, and proof load tests,(3) Plating and coating weight/thickness for coated fasten-ers,(4) Lot number and purchase order number,(5) Complete
45、 mailing address of responsible party, and(6) Title and signature of the individual assigned certifica-tion responsibility by the company officers.15. Responsibility15.1 The party responsible for the load-indicating fastenersshall be the organization that supplies the fastener to thepurchaser and ce
46、rtifies that the load-indicating fasteners havebeen manufactured, sampled, tested and inspected in accor-dance with this specification and meets all of its requirements.16. Product Marking16.1 Manufacturers IdentificationAll fasteners listed inTable 1 shall be marked by the manufacturer with a uniqu
47、eidentifier to identify the manufacturer.16.2 Specification and grade identification marking shall bepresent and in accordance with Table 1 (for example, F XXXX325-1).16.3 Marking Location and Methods All markings shallbe located on the top of the bolt head and may be either raisedor depressed at th
48、e manufacturers option. Markings can alsobe placed on the flats of the fastener head if space is limited.16.4 Acceptance CriteriaBolts which are not marked inaccordance with these provisions shall be considered noncon-forming and subject to rejection.TABLE 2 Calibration TableTestNumber of Piecesin C
49、alibrationLotNumber of TestsAcceptanceNumberCalibration ofAccuracy100 and less 10 0101 to 500 25 0501 to 1000 50 01001 and greater 100 0F248208317. Packaging and Package Marking17.1 Packaging:17.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, packaging shall be inaccordance with the practice of the manufacturer.17.1.2 When special packaging requirements are required,they shall be defined at the time of the inquiry and order17.2 Package Marking:17.2.1 Each shipping unit shall include or be marked plainlywith the following information:17.2.1.1 Load-in
