1、Designation: F2548 06 F2548 12Standard Specification forExpanded Metal Fence Systems for Security Purposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2548; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers selection and installation of expanded metal fence systems for applications on new or retrofitfen
3、ces for commercial, industrial, governmental or institutional facilities as applicable to homeland security, or where thepossibility of malevolent incursion is significant. See Fig. 1 for typical examples of expanded metal fence applications. This typeof fence system is not recommended for residenti
4、al or public recreational facilities such as pools, schools, and kindergartens.1.2 This specification is intended to guide those responsible for or concerned with the design and installation of an expandedmetal fence system capable of denying or delaying unwanted access into or out of an area.1.3 No
5、 recommendation is made or implied here as to the merits of the product from any particular manufacturer. Choice ofcomponent selection for the expanded metal system should be made by the writer of the project specification based on their ownperception of the products merit and the consequence of a m
6、alevolent incursion.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Any values given in bracketsparentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This specification does not purport to address all of the safety and security concerns, if any, associated with homelandsecurity. It is th
7、e responsibility of the user of this standard to establish the required and appropriate level of security.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A123/A123M Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel ProductsA307 Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 000 P
8、SI Tensile StrengthB117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) ApparatusF934 Specification for Colors for Polymer-Coated Chain Link Fence MaterialsF1267 Specification for Metal, Expanded, SteelF1043 Specification for Strength and Protective Coatings on Steel Industrial Fence FrameworkF1083 Specific
9、ation for Pipe, Steel, Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded, for Fence Structures2.2 Chain Link Fence Manufacturers Institute (CLFMI) Standard:American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE):WLG2445ASCE/SEI 7-05 CLFMI Guide for the Selection of Line Post SpacingsMinimum Design Loads for Buildings a
10、ndOther Structures3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 expanded metal fence systemcombines expanded metal panels and structural framework posts and rails, if required withaccessories and fasteners, assembled and evaluated as a complete system. Fig. 1 shows typical a
11、pplications.3.1.2 expanded metal panelelement used as filler for the fence system. The following terms are used to further definecharacteristics of the expanded metal panels (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 3).3.1.3 fittingany type of formed metal with the intent of securing mesh filler to a framework.3.1.4 fla
12、ttened expanded metal (F)Expanded metal which has been cold rolled leaving a flat, smooth surface.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F14 on FencingFences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F14.50 on High Security Fencesand Perimeter Barriers.Current editio
13、n approved June 1, 2006July 1, 2012. Published June 2006September 2012. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F2548- 06. DOI: 10.1520/F2548-06.10.1520/F2548-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at
14、serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous versi
15、on. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Internationa
16、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.5 LWDlong way of diamond, nominal dimension (see Fig. 2).3.1.6 regular (raised) expanded metal (R) Expanded metal as it comes from the press after being simultaneously slit andstretched having the strands and
17、bonds form a uniform angle to the original plane of the solid sheet from which it was formedcreating an open mesh diamond making one continuous panel that cannot unravel.3.1.7 SWDshort way of diamond, nominal dimension (see Fig. 2).3.1.8 strand thicknessthickness of base metal.3.1.9 strand widthamou
18、nt of material fed under the die to produce one strand.4. Classification4.1 Expanded metal used on fences for security applications shall meet the material requirements of Specification F1267.Expanded metal referenced in this specification is classified by types and classes as follows:4.2 Type4.2.1
19、Type 1Expanded (see Fig. 2 Type 1)4.2.2 Type 2Expanded and flattened (see Fig. 2 Type 2)NOTE 1While it is not the intent of this specification to limit the selection of expanded metal “Type” to a specific fence application, historical practiceis a relevant factor to consider during the selection pro
20、cess. Construction of new expanded metal fence systems and retrofit of chain link fences historicallyinvolved the use of Type 1 expanded metal panels; retrofit of ornamental picket fences historically involved the use of Type 2 expanded metal panels.FIG. 1 Expanded Metal Fencing ApplicationsFIG. 2 D
21、iamond DescriptionRegular and FlattenedFIG. 3 Mesh DescriptionStandard and Reversed DiamondF2548 1224.3 Class4.3.1 Class 1Uncoated4.3.2 Class 2Hot-dip zinc coated (galvanized)4.3.3 Class 3Corrosion-resisting steel5. Ordering/Specifying Information5.1 When ordering or specifying expanded metal fence
22、systems for security applications, the appropriate mesh type, meshdescription, fence height, post size, post spacing, allowable mesh to framework attachment methods, and finish should all bedefined to ensure that expanded metal panels and all associated system components will work compatibly in the
23、total systeminstallation.6. Materials6.1 Expanded Metal Panels6.1.1 Panels shall be manufactured in accordance with the requirements and within the allowable tolerances of SpecificationF1267. Table 1 and Fig. 4 show selection options of expanded metal panels for use in security applications.6.2 Acce
24、ptable panel types shall conform to these minimum requirements.6.2.1 The minimum allowable weight per square foot for any expanded metal panel specified or used in security fence systemapplications shall not be less than nominal 1.47 lbs per square foot prior to galvanizing or color coating.6.2.2 No
25、 expanded metal specified or used for above-ground security purposes shall have an opening larger than three squareinches.6.3 The overall width and height of expanded metal panels can be as large as 8 ft by 12 ft. Other factors such as panel weight,transportation, galvanizing and color coating may d
26、ictate a more practical panel size. Expanded metal security barrier systems varyas do production limitations.6.4 Finish6.4.1 If galvanized mesh is selected, the panels shall be completely and uniformly zinc coated by the hot-dip process inaccordance with Specification A123/A123M, after expanding, sh
27、earing, and deburring, shall be free from excessive accumulationsof zinc in the apexes of diamond openings, and free from bare spots.6.4.2 If color coated mesh is required, specify type of coating, color, and thickness of finish. Specification F934 is noted as aguideline for color selection, though
28、color coating shall not be limited to the listed colors. The coating shall show no effect after1000 h of salt spray exposure in accordance with Practice B117.6.5 Framework6.5.1 Posts and horizontal rails, (round or shapes), shall be selected to meet the size and strength requirements fromSpecificati
29、ons F1043 or F1083, as applicable. If color coated, specify type of coating, color, and thickness of finish.6.5.2 Fences used for security shall be a minimum of 8 ft in height.6.5.3 Fences less than 10 ft in height shall have a top and bottom rail; middle rail is optional. Fences 10 ft and higher sh
30、allhave additional rail(s) equally spaced in accordance with manufacturers recommendation. Instead of a bottom rail, panels may beimbedded in concrete.6.6 Fittings6.6.1 The nuts and threaded portions of fasteners used to secure expanded metal panels to the framework must either beinaccessible from t
31、he attack side of the fence structure with the threads peened, or, if exposed, must be tamper-proof, peened, orwelded to prevent removal. Fasteners and fittings shall be of sufficient size, strength and design to prevent removal of the fabric.6.6.2 Fittings used in securing mesh panels to the framew
32、ork shall have a strength that closely approximates the load strengthof the specified threaded fastener (see Specification A307).6.6.3 Welding galvanized or color coated mesh to framework is not recommended since it will compromise the finish.6.7 GatesTABLE 1 Panel DescriptionDescription Panels Used
33、 in Security Fence Applications12 in.13R 12 in.13R (.188) 34 in.9R 34 in.9F 1 in.7R (.240) 112 in. 6RWidth of Panel (ft) 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 5 3 5Height of Panel (ft 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12Diamond Dimensions (in.) SWD by LWD 0.500 by 1.20 0.500 by 1.20 0.923 by 2.00 0.923 by 2.10 1.00 by 2.40 1.
34、330 by 3.00Percent Open Area 57 % 25 % 68 % 63 % 52 % 63 %Strand thickness (in.) 0.092 0.09 0.134 0.120 0.170 0.198Strand Width (in.) 0.096 0.188 0.150 0.164 0.240 0.203Weight per ft2 1.47 2.82 1.80 1.71 3.50 2.50Weight galvanized per ft2 1.73 3.1 1.95 1.86 3.70 2.73F2548 123FIG. 4 Panels commonly u
35、sed in expanded metal security barriers. Other panels may be used provided the opening sizes and weightper square foot meet the specific security requirements noted in 6.2.F2548 1246.7.1 Gate frames shall be of a welded construction and fabricated to allow for the weight of the expanded metal filler
36、. See 7.2.6.8 Anti-Climb Panels (see Fig. 1).6.8.1 Anti-climb panels may be used as an addition to the security fence structure, extending above the vertical portion of thefence to prevent circumvention by climbing.6.8.2 The length and overall shape of the anti-climb panel shall vary as required by
37、user. Framework size, (O.D.), may needto be increased to accommodate the additional weight of this panel. Panels must join on extension posts.6.9 Below Grade Tunneling Prevention (see Fig. 1).6.9.1 Tunneling barrier panels are a below grade barrier intended to prevent tunneling and shall be installe
38、d to a specified depthand installed to the vertical fence using the specified systems attachment method. A space no more than 12 in. between the endof the panel and the post shall be permitted.6.9.2 Tunneling barrier mesh panel selection and installation shall follow the manufacturers recommendation
39、.7. Installation Recommendations, Cautions, and Methods7.1 Refer to the manufacturers guidelines for installation instructions. Security, location, terrain, and other design parametersmust also be factored into proper installation techniques and fittings usage.7.2 Caution Regarding Wind LoadsFramewo
40、rk selection must meet local building codes and wind load requirements. Due tothe nature of this product, in general, having more steel per square foot than many other types of fencing, it is advisable to selectframework capable of supporting acceptable wind load. Reducing the space between posts ma
41、y also be required. If wind screensare to be installed at time of erection or at a later time, the additional resistance to wind must be considered at the time of selectingframework and post spacing. Increasing the height of the barrier by adding any additional type of formed top panel to deterclimb
42、ing as well as snow or icing conditions must also be considered in determining the prescribed framework. For additionalinformation, see CLFMI Guide for the Selection of Line Post Spacing (WLG2445).ASCE/SEI 7-05 (Manufacturer shalldemonstrate framework design for wind load criteria for the selection
43、of line posts and line post spacing.).7.3 Positioning Expanded Metal PanelsF2548 1257.3.1 When expanded metal is installed continuously on the attack side of the fence, it shall be firmly affixed in such a mannerthat the attack side of the post and rails is on the same plane (to enable secure attach
44、ment of the expanded metal panels to theframework). The LWD, long way of diamond, may be installed either vertically or horizontally.7.3.2 When installed between posts, expanded metal panels shall be securely fastened to both vertical and horizontal frameworkmembers. The overlap of adjacent panels s
45、hall be securely attached using the specified systems attachment method.7.3.3 Panels shall have no more than a 1-in. space between the bottom of the mesh and grade. Backfilling should be performedwhere appropriate.7.4 Line post spacing shall be set to allow panels to join on line posts where possibl
46、e. Any panels joining between posts shalloverlap a minimum of three diamonds, (or a minimum of 3 in. depending upon diamond size), except to allow for slight variationsin terrain. Panels shall (at a minimum) also overlap the outside edge of each terminal post as not to permit any space to compromise
47、the barrier.7.5 When connecting panels to line and terminal posts, connection points shall not exceed 18 in. When connecting panels tohorizontal rails, connection points shall not exceed 18 in.7.6 Exposed edges of cut expanded metal panels are very sharp and should be avoided. Overlapping panels mor
48、e than the statedminimum above, 7.4 is the normal practice and is acceptable.8. Keywords8.1 expanded metal fences; fence; fences; metal fencing; security fencing; specifications; steel fencingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection wit
49、h any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to
