1、Designation:F256907An American National Standard Designation: F2569 11Standard Test Method forEvaluating the Force Reduction Properties of Surfaces forAthletic Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2569; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the quantitative measurement and normaliza
3、tion of impact forces generated through a mechanicalimpact test on an athletic surface. The impact forces simulated in this test method are intended to represent those produced by lowerextremities of an athlete during landing events on sport or athletic surfaces.1.2 This test method may be applied t
4、o any surface where athletic activity may be conducted.1.3 The test methods described are applicable in both laboratory and field settings.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to
5、address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 DIN Standard:ASTM Standards:
6、2E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 DIN Standard:3DIN 18032-2 Halls for Gymnastics, Games and Multipurpose Use, Part 2: Sports Floors, Requirements, Testing3. T
7、erminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 force reduction, nability of a surface to reduce impact forces as compared to a rigid surface using a specified impact.Force reduction expresses the difference between the impact forces generated on the test and rigid surfaces as the
8、 percentage ofthe impact force from the rigid surface.3.1.2 rigid surface, nconcrete surface covered by a steel plate used as the basis for measuring force reduction.3.1.3 test surface, nathletic surface upon which force reduction testing is conducted (for example, indoor wood courts, pouredurethane
9、 courts, walk/jog tracks, and so forth).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The dynamic interaction between the athlete and the surface is significant to the performance, comfort, and possibly thesafety of the athlete. Therefore, the ability of the surface to reduce impact forces is important. This test me
10、thod provides anon-destructive means for evaluating the force reduction properties of a surface in both laboratory and field settings. Impact forcesare recorded by releasing a 20 kg mass and allowing it to impact a spring resting on a test foot resting on the surface. The forcereduction of the surfa
11、ce is presented as a percentage of the reduction in the impact forces produced on the test surface, comparedto the impact force generated on a rigid surface. This test method is more closely associated with the impacts generated by the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08
12、 on Sports Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.52 onMiscellaneous Playing Surfaces.Current edition approved July 15, 2007. Published August 2007. DOI: 10.1520/F2569-07.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published February 2012. Originally approved in 200
13、7. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F2569 07. DOI:10.1520/F2569-11.2Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN- DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany, http:/www.en.din.de.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or cont
14、act ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Rein Kratmessegerate, D-89150 Laichingen, Gottlieb-Di
15、amler-Str. 62 Germany. If youare aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting ofthe responsible technical committee, which you may attend.3Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN- DIN D
16、eutsches Institut fur Normung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany, http:/www.en.din.de.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technic
17、ally possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
18、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.lower extremities, and is not an indication of the ability of the test surface to prevent head injury trauma.5. Significance and Use5.1 The force reduction property is just one of the important properties of a surface used for athletic activity.
19、 It may be anindicator of the performance, safety, comfort, or suitability of the surface.5.2 Manufacturers of athletic surfaces may use this test method to evaluate the effects of design changes on the impact forcesgenerated on the surface.5.3 Facility owners may use this standard to evaluate the p
20、erformance of existing sport/athletic surfaces. Results may be usefulduring the selection process for a replacement surface, or for an additional athletic surface being added to the facility.5.4 Facility owners may also use this test method to verify that newly installed surfaces perform at or near
21、the levels includedin project specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Force Reduction Test ApparatusThis test method utilizes a force reduction test device similar to the one outlined in DIN18032-2. The force reduction device is shown in Fig. 1. A mass of 20 kg is allowed to fall onto an anvil, which transmi
22、ts the loadvia a spring to a test foot resting on the surface. The foot is fitted with a force transducer that enables the peak force during theimpact event to be recorded. The peak force is compared with the result obtained on a rigid floor, and the percentage of forcereduction calculated for the t
23、est surface.6.1.1 The apparatus shall conform to the following requirements:6.1.1.1 Falling mass with a striker screwed into the bottom side of the mass. The striker has a diameter of 50 6 10 mm (2.06 0.4 in.) and a length of 75 6 25 mm (3 6 1 in.). The total mass of the falling weight and the strik
24、er is 20 6 0.05 kg (44 60.1 lb);6.1.1.2 Ensure the drop mass travels in a vertical path from release to impact, such as by using guide rods;1 = drop mass and striker2 = guide rod3 = spring4 = upper end-cap5 = bottom end-cap6 = test foot7 = adjustable support8 = height adjustment andrelease mechanism
25、9 = load cell10 = housing sleeve11 = guide holeFIG. 1 Force Reduction Test ApparatusF2569 1126.1.1.3 Spring4with a spring rate 2000 6 100 kN/m (11 420 6 571 lb/in.), an outside diameter of 70.0 6 0.1 mm (2.75 6 0.004in.), a free length of 75 6 10 mm (3.95 6 0.39 in.);(1) Spring rate shall be determi
26、ned by linear regression through force-deflection data recorded the following loads; 200 N, 2000N, 4000 N, 6000 N, 8000 N, and 10 000 N (45 lb, 448 lb, 897 lb, 1346 lb, 1794 lb, and 2243 lb).6.1.1.4 Upper spring end-cap made of hardened steel with a diameter of 70.0 6 0.1 mm (2.75 6 0.004 in.).6.1.1
27、.5 Bottom spring end-cap made of hardened steel to contact the load-cell with a diameter of 70.0 6 0.1 mm (2.75 6 0.004in.). The face of this end-cap that contacts the load cell may be made flat, or it may have a recess milled into it to fit a load-buttonon the load cell.6.1.1.6 Test foot diameter 7
28、0.0 6 0.1 mm (2.75 6 0.004 in.), thickness 12 6 1 mm (0.47 6 0.04 in.) with a radius of 500 650 mm (20 6 2.0 in.) and filleted edges with a radius of 1 6 1 mm (0.004 6 0.004 in.);6.1.1.7 Adjustable support with three contact points (spaced 120 6 5) to set apparatus vertical (62), such as by using a
29、pairof calibrated levels with a minimum distance of 600 mm (24 in.) between the falling axis and the axis of the contact points;6.1.1.8 Capable of producing a drop height between 22.0 mm (0.87 in.) and 88.0 mm (3.46 in.) with a lifting facility to holdand release the drop mass and to adjust the drop
30、 height between bottom of the striker and the upper spring end-cap to an accuracyof 0.25 mm (0.01 in.);6.1.1.9 Mass of test foot and load cell and spring, end-caps and any other attached components shall be 3.0 6 0.5 kg (6.6 61.1 lb);6.1.1.10 Housing sleeve that ensures the axis of the spring and th
31、e load-cell are collinear. Housing sleeve length sufficient toextend below the spring over the load-cell and cover a minimum of 90 % of the free length of the spring. The housing sleeve musthave an inside diameter of 71 6 0.1 mm (2.80 6 0.004 in.) and a minimum thickness of 4 mm (0.25 in.). The hous
32、ing sleeve shallnot be attached to the test foot, load-cell, or spring in any fashion. The inside and outside shall ensure smooth uninterrupted travelof the spring during impact, such as by polishing the surfaces.6.1.1.11 The housing sleeve shall fit through a guide hole with a clearance of 0.5 6 0.
33、05 mm (0.019 6 0.002 in.). The insideof the guide hole shall allow smooth uninterrupted travel of the housing sleeve during impact, such as by polishing the surface.6.2 Rigid SurfaceConcrete, 15 cm (5.9 in.) minimum thickness with a 10 mm (0.39 in.) thick steel plate fully glued to theconcrete using
34、 an adhesive with a Youngs modulus $ 10 kN/mm2(1.45 Mpsi).6.3 Data Collection and Analysis System:6.3.1 Sampling frequency of at least 2000 Hz;6.3.2 Butterworth filter 120 Hz, 2-pole for collecting data on both the rigid and the test surface;6.3.3 Electronic load-cell with amplifier, with a loading
35、capacity of at least 10 000 N (2242 lb) and an accuracy of 1 % or better,and6.3.4 Recording equipment capable of storing enough force data to calculate data, display readings and graph impact force-timecurves.6.4 Appropriate Devices for Determining Surface/Air Temperatures and Relative Humidity:6.4.
36、1 Measurements may be obtained using hand-held commercially available devices.7. Testing Conditions7.1 The following general testing conditions shall be recorded and included in the test report for information purposes only.7.1.1 All Surfaces:7.1.1.1 Testing is to be conducted at 23 6 2C (72 6 4F) w
37、hen possible. Record surface and air temperature (to the nearest1C (2F) and relative humidity (to the nearest 1 %). Surface temperature measurements should be taken in manner appropriateto the test surface. Other ASTM guides and specifications may also require testing at additional temperatures.7.1.
38、1.2 The force reduction shall be tested using the missile drop height specified by the test procedure/standard named in thetest report. If no specific drop height is specified therein, the standard drop height of 55 mm (2.2 in.) shall be used.Additional dropheights may be tested and should be agreed
39、 on by the purchaser and the seller. Other ASTM guides and specifications may alsorequire testing at additional drop heights.7.1.2 Laboratory Sample SizesStandards that reference this method shall ensure that the sample size is sufficiently large andthat test points are sufficiently far from the edg
40、e of the sample that edge effects are prevented from altering the outcome of thetests.8. Procedure8.1 Because of the definition of the rigid surface, testing of the rigid surface can not be conducted on-site. Documentation ofthe rigid surface will refer to the rigid surface present at the testing pe
41、rsons/companys laboratory.8.2 Locate and document all points to be tested. This includes points on the athletic surface and the rigid surface whenapplicable.4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Rein Kratmessegerate, D-89150 Laichingen, Gottlieb-Diamler-S
42、tr. 62 Germany. If youare aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting ofthe responsible technical committee, which you may attend.F2569 1138.3 Set the axis of the falling mass to ver
43、tical (62), and adjust the drop height to the desired height (60.25 mm (60.01 in.).The sports system shall be evaluated using a drop height of 55.0 6 0.25 mm (2.2 6 0.01 in.) and any additional drop heightsconsidered useful.8.4 Rigid Surface Testing:8.4.1 Evaluate the impact force from the rigid flo
44、or by conducting 11 drops, rotating the spring by 70 6 15 and allowing 306 15 s between drops, and use the Butterworth 120 Hz, 2-pole low pass filter to condition the data and record the maximum impactforce in Newtons. Calculate the average impact force for the rigid surface ( Fc ) using the final 1
45、0 drops. Check and adjust releaseheight as necessary between every drop.8.4.2 The value of Fc shall be 6.60 6 0.25 kN (1480 6 56 lb) for the results to be considered valid.8.4.3 The time between rigid surface testing and test surface testing must be less than three months.8.5 Test SurfaceEvaluate th
46、e impact force from each point of interest on the test surface by conducting three drops allowing60 6 15 s between drops; use the Butterworth 120 Hz, 2-pole low pass filter to condition the data, and record and present themaximum impact force in Newtons for all three drops, calculate the average imp
47、act force for each point of the test surface (Fs)using the result from the final two drops at each point. Check and adjust release height as necessary between every drop.9. Calculation9.1 Compute the average maximum impact force generated on the rigid surface ( Fc ).Fc 5(i 5 211Fci10(1)9.2 Compute t
48、he average maximum impact force generated at each test surface test point (Fsi). The results of the first drop arenot be included in the analysis because it often produces results significantly different from the second (Fsi,2). and third (Fsi,3).impacts, where i represents an individual test point.
49、Fsi5Fsi,21 Fsi,32(2)9.3 Compute the force reduction to the nearest 1% for each test surface test point ( FRi).FRi%! 5S1FsiFcD*100 (3)9.4 Compute the average force reduction property for the entire system to the nearest 1 % ( FR ).FR %! 5(i 5 1nFRi!n(4)9.5 When appropriate calculate the standard deviation of the force reduction to the nearest 0.1 % of the entire test surface (sFR).sFR 5(i 5 1n FRi!2 FR !2!n 1(5)10. Submissions for Suitability Testing10.1 All Systems:10.1.1 All system components and construction methods shall be identified.10.1.2 D
