1、Designation: F 2601 09Standard Specification forFire Safety for Candle Accessories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification prescribes minimum safety require-ments for candle accessories to help ensure a reasonable degreeof safety for normal use with
3、candles, thereby improvingpersonal safety and reducing fires, deaths, and injuries.1.2 This specification is not intended to replace other safetypractices such as adult supervision, close monitoring of prod-uct when in use, and fire detection, alarm, or suppressionsystems.1.3 The values stated in SI
4、 units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required f
5、or fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety
6、and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterE 136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE 176 Terminology
7、of Fire StandardsF 1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles andAssociated Accessory ItemsF 2417 Specification for Fire Safety for Candles3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsCertain candle-related terminology has al-ready been addressed in Guide F 1972. Certain additionalfire-related terminology is fo
8、und in Terminology E 176. Thereader is directed to those standards for definitions not found in3.2.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3 burn time, ntime interval a test specimen supportssustained flaming combustion after removal of the ignitionsource until all flaming ceases.3.4 ca
9、ndle accessory, nobject designed, intended, or mar-keted for use with a candle.3.5 candle burner, ncandle holder that has an enclosed,but vented, area in which to put a candle, said candle providinga source of heat or light or both.3.6 candle holder, ncandle accessory onto which a candleis placed. I
10、t may support, hold or contain a candle when in use.3.6.1 DiscussionFilled candles are not candle holders.3.7 candle ring, ncandle accessory intended to surroundthe candle with decorative materials in proximity to a candle,including, but not limited to, a continuous ring or loose fillmaterial.3.8 co
11、nsumption rate, nrate at which a candle is con-sumed measured in grams of fuel consumed per hour.3.8.1 DiscussionConsumption rate is determined byweighing a candle prior to burning and then again at the end ofthe life or burn cycle of the candle. The weight consumed ingrams is then divided by the bu
12、rn time in hours to arrive at aconsumption rate in grams per hour.3.9 ignition, ninitiation of combustion.3.9.1 DiscussionThe combustion is typically evidencedby glow or flame. The combustion may be sustained ortransient.3.10 noncombustible, adjnot capable of igniting andburning when subjected to a
13、fire under specified conditions.3.10.1 DiscussionMaterials that pass Test Method E 136are considered noncombustible.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.45 onCandle Products.Current edition approv
14、ed June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F 2601 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer t
15、o the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.11 potpourri burner, ncandle burner designed to pro-vide a source of heat to warm a reservoir of extraneousmaterial.3.12 susta
16、ined flaming, nexistence of flame on or over thesurface of the specimen for periods of4sormore.3.12.1 DiscussionSustained flaming starts at the begin-ning of the period when a flame is found on or over the surface.4. Safety Requirements4.1 Safety Requirements for Candle RingsThis safetyrequirement a
17、pplies to all candle rings with the followingexceptions: rings constructed exclusively of noncombustiblematerials, rings constructed exclusively of live plants or freshcut flowers, or both, that remain hydrated during their intendedlife, or items which include rings that incorporate barriertechnolog
18、y (see 5.2.4.14-5.2.4.16).4.1.1 Rationale:4.1.1.1 Candle rings are used in proximity to a knownsource of ignition (candle flame).4.1.1.2 Flammable components of candle rings increase therisk of fires when using candle products.4.1.2 Performance Requirement:4.1.2.1 A candle ring shall pass the flamma
19、bility require-ments for candle rings if, when tested according to 5.2, it doesnot ignite or has a burn time less than or equal to an average of30 s for three tests per component and the burn time for anyone test shall not exceed 60 s. During any test, flaming shall notspread over the entire candle
20、ring. The test shall be conductedon all applicable components of the ring.4.2 Safety Requirements for Candle HoldersThis safetyrequirement applies to all candle holders, including candleburners and potpourri burners, with the following exceptions:holders constructed exclusively of noncombustible mat
21、erials(see Note 1) or which incorporate barrier technology. (See5.2.4.15.)NOTE 1Observations indicate that some porous materials which areotherwise considered to be noncombustible, for example, unglazedceramics and terra cotta, absorb molten wax or other combustible liquidsand can support sustained
22、flaming combustion. This note has beenprovided for informational purposes only.4.2.1 Rationale:4.2.1.1 Candle holders are used with burning candles placeddirectly on or in them.4.2.1.2 Direct flame impingement of the candle flame ontocandle holders is possible during use, resulting in the candlehold
23、er igniting.4.2.2 Performance RequirementA candle holder shallpass the flammability requirements for candle holders if, whentested according to 5.2, it does not ignite or has a burn time lessthan or equal to an average of 30 s for three tests percomponent and the burn time for any one test shall not
24、 exceed60 s. During any test, flaming shall not spread over the entirecandle holder. The test shall be conducted on all applicablecomponents of the holder.4.3 Safety Requirements for Candle Burners and PotpourriBurnersThis safety requirement applies to all types ofburners designed to use a candle as
25、 a source of heat or light, orboth. Candle burners and potpourri burners are also subject tothe requirements of 4.2.4.3.1 Rationale:4.3.1.1 Candle burners and potpourri burners can contributeto secondary ignition, excessive flame heights, or end of usefullife problems, or a combination thereof. Thes
26、e are oftenassociated with the buildup of heat or soot or both from candlesplaced in these types of products.4.3.1.2 Candle burners and potpourri burners meeting theperformance requirement listed in 4.3.2 will reduce the risk offires initiated by candles used with these types of products.4.3.2 Perfo
27、rmance Requirement:4.3.2.1 A candle burner or potpourri burner shall pass theperformance requirements if there is no secondary ignition,excessive flame height, or end-of-useful life problems asdetailed in Sections 4.1 through 4.3 in Specification F 2417 andthe burner does not ignite, crack, or break
28、 when the candleburner is tested with an appropriate scented tealight (or othersupplied candle meeting the requirements in 5.3.1) accordingto the candle burning performance test method found inSection 5.2.4 of Specification F 2417.4.3.2.2 Aminimum of three identical samples shall be testedeight time
29、s each with no failures allowed.NOTE 2Research3indicates that items with a small internal volume,low ceiling height, and limited ventilation are especially at risk to fail theflame height, end-of-useful life, and secondary ignition requirements ofSpecification F 2417.4.4 Safety Requirements for Stab
30、ilityThis safety require-ment applies to all accessories intended to be used in directcontact with burning candles.4.4.1 RationaleThis requirement minimizes the hazardsof candle accessory/ensemble tip over.4.4.2 Performance RequirementThe candle accessorymust not tip over when placed at a minimum 10
31、.0 inclinewhen tested with the candle specified in 5.3.1.5. Test Methods5.1 Candle fire safety issues addressed by these test methodsinclude candle ring and holder flammability, candle burner andpotpourri burner accessories burn performance and stability.5.2 Flammability of Candle Rings or Holders:5
32、.2.1 Summary of Test MethodComponents of candlerings or holders are tested on a flat noncombustible surface forsustained flaming combustion. Components of the ring orholder are tested for flammability through contact with theflame source for up to 60 s. Each test is monitored for sustainedflaming co
33、mbustion of the component. Three separate tests areperformed on each type of component of the candle ring or thecandle holder. The burn time is measured.5.2.2 Apparatus:5.2.2.1 Large, flat, noncombustible surface.5.2.2.2 Flame SourceAbutane diffusion flame intended torepresent a candle flame. The bu
34、rner tube consists of a stainless3“Consumer Safety ResearchFires Associated With the Use of Night Lightsand Ceramic Burners,” July 1996, Fire Research Station, Building ResearchEstablishment. (Research conducted on behalf of the Consumer Safety Unit of theDepartment of Trade and Industry.) Consumer
35、Safety Unit, 1 Victoria Street,London SW1H 0ET.F2601092steel tube with an outside diameter of nominally 8 mm and awall thickness of 1 mm. The gas supply system consists of apressure gauge, flow meter, fine-control valve, and cylinderregulator providing an outlet pressure of 28.5 mbar (0.4 psi).The f
36、low meter supplies butane gas at a constant rate of 45mL/min at 25C. Under the specified conditions, the flameheight is approximately 35 mm.NOTE 3An alternative flame source is permissible provided that it canbe demonstrated by testing identical specimens with both the alternativeflame source and th
37、e flame source specified in this test method that thetests using the alternative flame source yields failing results as often as, ormore often than tests using the specified flame source.5.2.2.3 Ring stand/clamp assembly.5.2.2.4 Stopwatch.5.2.2.5 Ruler.5.2.2.6 Thermometer.5.2.2.7 Hygrometer.5.2.3 Sa
38、fety Hazards(WarningThere is an inherent riskof working with and around open flames. Appropriate personalprotective equipment shall be used and safe work practicesshall be followed. Fire suppression equipment capable ofmitigating fires associated with candle accessory fire safetytesting shall be rea
39、dily available during testing.)5.2.4 Procedure:5.2.4.1 The candle ring or holder under test shall be condi-tioned before testing for at least4hatatemperature between20 to 30C (68 to 86F) and a relative humidity of less than orequal to 55 %. All candle rings or holders shall be tested in aburn test a
40、rea that will be environmentally controlled tobetween 20 to 30C (68 to 86F) and less than or equal to 70 %relative humidity. Once removed from the conditioning atmo-sphere, the candle rings or holders shall be tested within 1 h.5.2.4.2 The test shall be carried out with minimal distur-bance of the f
41、lame source in a test area of sufficient size toaccommodate the candle ring or holder and prevent oxygenstarvation of the flame source. The test surface shall beconstructed of a noncombustible material and shall be cleanedbefore conducting each test, removing charred and moltenmaterials or other deb
42、ris from previous tests.5.2.4.3 The finished product is to be tested in an orientationtypical of the products intended use. The candle ring or holdershall be placed on the test surface such that it lays flat tosimulate normal use with no free-flowing air space under thecandle ring unless that is how
43、 the candle ring is designed.5.2.4.4 If a candle ring or holder is designed or advertised tobe used in several orientations or configurations, it shall betested in every orientation/configuration for which it wasdesigned or advertised. If the candle ring or holder fails theperformance requirement in
44、 any of the orientations tested, itwill be considered a failure.5.2.4.5 The flame source is to be applied to each uniquecomponent on the candle ring or holder for a period of up to 60s. The flame source shall remain stationary during the ignitionperiod. The flame source shall be positioned at an ang
45、lebetween 15 and 45 (nonburning end of flame source higherthan the flame end) from horizontal. See Fig. 1.5.2.4.6 Position the flame source such that its tip is station-ary. The tip of the flame source shall be positioned approxi-mately one half of the normal flame height away from the ringor holder
46、 component to be tested. See Fig. 1.NOTE 4For example, if the flame source produces a flame approxi-mately 35 mm (1.4 in.) in height, the tip of the flame source would bepositioned approximately 17.5 mm (0.7 in.) away from the test compo-nent. This will put the midpoint of the flame in contact with
47、the edge ofthe component to be tested.5.2.4.7 Ignite the flame source allowing the flame to makecontact with the candle ring or holder component. Remove theflame source from the test component as soon as the testcomponent exhibits sustained flaming combustion.5.2.4.8 Record the time from when the te
48、st component firstignites with sustained flaming combustion until flaming ceases.If the test component fails to ignite after 60 s, remove the flamesource and record the burn time as 0 s.5.2.4.9 Each candle ring or holder shall be exposed to theflame at each unique component, piece, and material.NOTE
49、 5For example, a simple circular candle ring or holder made ofa single material with a uniform thickness would only have to be testedthree times. A candle ring or holder that has several different components(such as a candle ring that contains pinecones, berries, leaves, flowers, ora candle holder that has multiple types of materials) would be tested threetimes at each component. In addition, if there is a single flower and agrouping of flowers, the candle ring would be tested both at the singleflower and the flower cluster since they have th
