1、Designation: F2601 13Standard Specification forFire Safety for Candle Accessories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification prescribes minimum safety require-ments for candle accessories to help ensure a reasonable degreeof safety for normal use with ca
3、ndles, thereby improvingpersonal safety and reducing fires, deaths, and injuries.1.2 This specification is not intended to replace other safetypractices such as adult supervision, close monitoring of prod-uct when in use, and fire detection, alarm, or suppressionsystems.1.3 The values stated in SI u
4、nits are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for
5、 fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety an
6、d health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of F
7、ire StandardsF1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles andAssociated Accessory ItemsF2417 Specification for Fire Safety for Candles3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsCertain candle-related terminology has al-ready been addressed in Guide F1972. Certain additionalfire-related terminology is found in
8、Terminology E176. Thereader is directed to those standards for definitions not found in3.2.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 burn time, ntime interval a test specimen supportssustained flaming combustion after removal of the ignitionsource until all flaming ceases.3.2.2 candle
9、 accessory, nobject designed, intended, ormarketed for use with a candle.3.2.3 candle burner, ncandle holder that has an enclosed,but vented, area in which to put a candle, said candle providinga source of heat or light or both.3.2.3.1 DiscussionDoes not include the item known as a“candle follower”
10、also referred to by the term “candle burner”in the liturgical industry.3.2.4 candle holder, ncandle accessory onto which acandle is placed. It may support, hold or contain a candle whenin use.3.2.4.1 DiscussionFilled candles are not candle holders.3.2.5 candle ring, ncandle accessory intended to sur
11、roundthe candle with decorative materials in proximity to a candle,including, but not limited to, a continuous ring or loose fillmaterial.3.2.6 consumption rate, nrate at which a candle is con-sumed measured in grams of fuel consumed per hour.3.2.6.1 DiscussionConsumption rate is determined byweighi
12、ng a candle prior to burning and then again at the end ofthe life or burn cycle of the candle. The weight consumed ingrams is then divided by the burn time in hours to arrive at aconsumption rate in grams per hour.3.2.7 ignition, ninitiation of combustion.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe combustion is typicall
13、y evidencedby glow or flame. The combustion may be sustained ortransient.3.2.8 noncombustible, adjnot capable of igniting andburning when subjected to a fire under specified conditions.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer Products and is the direct responsib
14、ility of Subcommittee F15.45 onCandle Products.Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2601 12. DOI:10.1520/F2601-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custo
15、mer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.8.1 DiscussionMaterials that pass
16、 Test Method E136are considered noncombustible.3.2.9 potpourri burner, ncandle burner designed to pro-vide a source of heat to warm a reservoir of extraneousmaterial.3.2.10 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or overthe surface of the specimen for periods of4sormore.3.2.10.1 DiscussionSustaine
17、d flaming starts at the begin-ning of the period when a flame is found on or over the surface.4. Safety Requirements4.1 Safety Requirements for Candle RingsThis safetyrequirement applies to all candle rings with the followingexceptions: rings constructed exclusively of noncombustiblematerials, rings
18、 constructed exclusively of live plants or freshcut flowers, or both, that remain hydrated during their intendedlife, or items which include rings that incorporate barriertechnology (see 5.2.4.14-5.2.4.16).4.1.1 Rationale:4.1.1.1 Candle rings are used in proximity to a knownsource of ignition (candl
19、e flame).4.1.1.2 Flammable components of candle rings increase therisk of fires when using candle products.4.1.2 Performance Requirement:4.1.2.1 A candle ring shall pass the flammability require-ments for candle rings if, when tested according to 5.2, it doesnot ignite or has a burn time less than o
20、r equal to an average of30 s for three tests per component and the burn time for anyone test shall not exceed 60 s. During any test, flaming shall notspread over the entire candle ring. The test shall be conductedon all applicable components of the ring.4.2 Safety Requirements for Candle Holders, Sh
21、ades, andToppersThis safety requirement applies to all candle holders,including candle burners and potpourri burners, and candleshades and toppers, with the following exceptions: itemsconstructed exclusively of noncombustible materials (see Note1) or which incorporate barrier technology. (See 5.2.4.
22、15.)NOTE 1Observations indicate that some porous materials which areotherwise considered to be noncombustible, for example, unglazedceramics and terra cotta, absorb molten wax or other combustible liquidsand can support sustained flaming combustion. This note has beenprovided for informational purpo
23、ses only.4.2.1 Rationale:4.2.1.1 Candle holders, shades, and toppers are used withburning candles placed directly under, on, or in them.4.2.1.2 A buildup of heat or direct flame impingement fromthe candle flame onto candle holders, shades, or toppers ispossible during use, resulting in the candle ho
24、lder, shade, ortopper igniting.4.2.2 Performance RequirementAcandle holder, shade, ortopper shall pass the flammability requirements for candleholders, shades, or toppers if, when tested according to 5.2, itdoes not ignite or has a burn time less than or equal to anaverage of 30 s for three tests pe
25、r component and the burn timefor any one test shall not exceed 60 s. During any test, flamingshall not spread over the entire candle holder, shade, or topper.The test shall be conducted on all applicable components of theholder, shade, or topper.4.3 Safety Requirements for Candle Burners and Potpour
26、riBurnersThis safety requirement applies to all types ofburners designed to use a candle as a source of heat or light, orboth. Candle burners and potpourri burners are also subject tothe requirements of 4.2.4.3.1 Rationale:4.3.1.1 Candle burners and potpourri burners can contributeto secondary ignit
27、ion, excessive flame heights, or end of usefullife problems, or a combination thereof. These are oftenassociated with the buildup of heat or soot or both from candlesplaced in these types of products.4.3.1.2 Candle burners and potpourri burners meeting theperformance requirement listed in 4.3.2 will
28、 reduce the risk offires initiated by candles used with these types of products.4.3.2 Performance Requirement:4.3.2.1 A candle burner or potpourri burner shall pass theperformance requirements if there is no secondary ignition,excessive flame height, or end-of-useful life problems asdetailed in Sect
29、ions 4.1 through 4.3 in Specification F2417 andthe burner does not ignite, crack, or break when the candleburner is tested with an appropriate scented tealight (or othersupplied candle meeting the requirements in 5.3.1) accordingto the candle burning performance test method found inSection 5.2.4 of
30、Specification F2417.4.3.2.2 Aminimum of three identical samples shall be testedeight times each with no failures allowed.NOTE 2Research3indicates that items with a small internal volume,low ceiling height, and limited ventilation are especially at risk to fail theflame height, end-of-useful life, an
31、d secondary ignition requirements ofSpecification F2417.4.4 Safety Requirements for StabilityThis safety require-ment applies to all accessories intended to be used in directcontact with burning candles.4.4.1 RationaleThis requirement minimizes the hazardsof candle accessory/ensemble tip over.4.4.2
32、Performance RequirementThe candle accessorymust not tip over when placed at a minimum 10.0 inclinewhen tested with the candle specified in 5.3.1.5. Test Methods5.1 Candle fire safety issues addressed by these test methodsinclude candle ring, shade, topper, and holder flammability,candle burner and p
33、otpourri burner accessories burn perfor-mance and stability.5.2 Flammability of Candle Rings, Shades, Toppers, orHolders:5.2.1 Summary of Test MethodComponents of candlerings, shades, toppers, or holders are tested on a flat noncom-bustible surface for sustained flaming combustion. Compo-nents of th
34、e ring, shade, topper, or holder are tested forflammability through contact with the flame source for up to 60s. Each test is monitored for sustained flaming combustion of3“Consumer Safety ResearchFires Associated With the Use of Night Lightsand Ceramic Burners,” July 1996, Fire Research Station, Bu
35、ilding ResearchEstablishment. (Research conducted on behalf of the Consumer Safety Unit of theDepartment of Trade and Industry.) Consumer Safety Unit, 1 Victoria Street,London SW1H 0ET.F2601 132the component. Three separate tests are performed on each typeof component of the candle ring, shade, topp
36、er, or the candleholder. The burn time is measured.5.2.2 Apparatus:5.2.2.1 Large, flat, noncombustible surface.5.2.2.2 Flame SourceA butane diffusion flame intended torepresent a candle flame. The burner tube consists of a stainlesssteel tube with an outside diameter of nominally 8 mm and awall thic
37、kness of 1 mm. The gas supply system consists of apressure gauge, flow meter, fine-control valve, and cylinderregulator providing an outlet pressure of 28.5 mbar (0.4 psi).The flow meter supplies butane gas at a constant rate of 45mL/min at 25C. Under the specified conditions, the flameheight is app
38、roximately 35 mm.NOTE 3An alternative flame source is permissible provided that it canbe demonstrated by testing identical specimens with both the alternativeflame source and the flame source specified in this test method that thetests using the alternative flame source yields failing results as oft
39、en as, ormore often than tests using the specified flame source.5.2.2.3 Ring stand/clamp assembly.5.2.2.4 Stopwatch.5.2.2.5 Ruler.5.2.2.6 Thermometer.5.2.2.7 Hygrometer.5.2.3 Safety Hazards(WarningThere is an inherent riskof working with and around open flames. Appropriate personalprotective equipme
40、nt shall be used and safe work practicesshall be followed. Fire suppression equipment capable ofmitigating fires associated with candle accessory fire safetytesting shall be readily available during testing.)5.2.4 Procedure:5.2.4.1 The candle ring, shade, topper, or holder under testshall be conditi
41、oned before testing for at least4hatatemperature between 20 to 30C (68 to 86F) and a relativehumidity of less than or equal to 55 %.All candle rings, shades,toppers, or holders shall be tested in a burn test area that willbe environmentally controlled to between 20 to 30C (68 to86F) and less than or
42、 equal to 70 % relative humidity. Onceremoved from the conditioning atmosphere, the candle rings,shades, toppers, or holders shall be tested within 1 h.5.2.4.2 The test shall be carried out with minimal distur-bance of the flame source in a test area of sufficient size toaccommodate the candle ring,
43、 shade, topper, or holder andprevent oxygen starvation of the flame source. The test surfaceshall be constructed of a noncombustible material and shall becleaned before conducting each test, removing charred andmolten materials or other debris from previous tests.5.2.4.3 The finished product is to b
44、e tested in an orientationtypical of the products intended use. The candle ring or holdershall be placed on the test surface such that it lays flat tosimulate normal use with no free-flowing air space under thecandle ring unless that is how the candle ring is designed.5.2.4.4 The candle shades and t
45、oppers are positioned likethey would be used on a candle. If a candle ring, shade, topper,or holder is designed or advertised to be used in severalorientations or configurations, it shall be tested in everyorientation/configuration for which it was designed or adver-tised. If the candle ring, shade,
46、 topper, or holder fails theperformance requirement in any of the orientations tested, itwill be considered a failure.5.2.4.5 The flame source is to be applied to each uniquecomponent on the candle ring, shade, topper, or holder for aperiod of up to 60 s. The flame source shall remain stationaryduri
47、ng the ignition period. The flame source shall be positionedat an angle between 15 and 45 (nonburning end of flamesource higher than the flame end) from horizontal. See Fig. 1.5.2.4.6 Position the flame source such that its tip is station-ary. The tip of the flame source shall be positioned approxi-
48、mately one half of the normal flame height away from the ring,shade, topper, or holder component to be tested. See Fig. 1.NOTE 4For example, if the flame source produces a flame approxi-mately 35 mm (1.4 in.) in height, the tip of the flame source would bepositioned approximately 17.5 mm (0.7 in.) a
49、way from the test compo-nent. This will put the midpoint of the flame in contact with the edge ofthe component to be tested.5.2.4.7 Ignite the flame source allowing the flame to makecontact with the candle ring, shade, topper, or holder compo-nent. Remove the flame source from the test component assoon as the test component exhibits sustained flaming combus-tion.5.2.4.8 Record the time from when the test component firstignites with sustained flaming combustion until flaming ceases.If the test component fails to ignite after 60 s, remove the
