1、Designation: F2709 08F2709 15Standard Test Method forDetermining a Measured Nameplate Recovery Rate ofStationary Oil Skimmer Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method defines a method and measurement criteria to quantify the nameplate recovery rat
3、e (capacity) performanceof a stationary skimmer system in ideal conditions. in ideal conditions in support of a devices nameplate recovery rate (capacity).If a determination of a skimmers capabilities in realistic conditions (that is, advancing or waves) is required, testing should beperformed accor
4、ding to Guide F631 or equivalent.1.2 This test method includes the option of testing to determine recovery efficiency.1.3 This test method and parameters are intended to provide ideal recovery conditions allowing the skimmer system to operateand collect oil at its maximum possible recovery rate. Giv
5、en ideal conditions, inherent mechanical and physical attributes of thesystem become the limiting factors.1.4 This test method is intended to identify limitations of the skimmer system, such as performance of the skimmingmechanism, the flow of oil within the skimmer and sump, the pump characteristic
6、s, and typical discharge head conditions.1.5 It is accepted that the measured nameplate recovery rate as determined by this test method will not likely be achievableunder actual conditions of a spill. The measured nameplate recovery rate should be used in conjunction with a de-rating factor toaccoun
7、t for such issues as changing encounter rate, changes in other recovery conditions, changes in oil properties and slickthickness, number of daylight hours, operator downtime, less than ideal control of skimmer settings, and inclement weather.1.6 This test method involves the use of specific test oil
8、s that may be considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibilityof the user of this test method to procure and abide by necessary permits and regulations for the use and disposal of test oil.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are inc
9、luded in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior t
10、o use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil Against Water by the Ring MethodD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature V
11、iscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield ViscometerD4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)F631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in Controlled Environments3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 fluid recovery ratethe volume
12、of fluid recovered by the device per unit of time (m3/h).1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.12 on Removal.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008July 1, 2015. Published
13、September 2008November 2015. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008as F270908. DOI: 10.1520/F2709-08.10.1520/F2709-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standard
14、svolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to
15、adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
16、ohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2 ideal conditionsoperating conditions that result in the maximum nameplate recovery rate of a skimming system withinthe limitations of the test method.3.1.3 measured nameplate recovery ratethe maximum rate at which the skimmer system can recover and process
17、 oil underideal conditions.3.1.4 nameplate recovery ratethe maximum skimming capacity of a device as stated by the manufacturer.3.1.5 oleophilicoil skimmers that use collection surfaces for recovery, for example, disc, brush, drum, belt, mop, and so forth.3.1.6 OSROoil recovery rateOil Spill Removal
18、 Organization.the volume of oil recovered by the device per unit of time(m3/h).3.1.7 recovery effciencythe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the volume of oil recovered to the total volume of fluidsrecovered.3.1.8 skimmer systema skimmer and ancillary equipment, including power supply, hydraulic
19、lines, discharge pump,suction/discharge hoses, and control apparatus.4. Significance and Use4.1 It has been industry practice to claim the capacity of a skimmer based on the rate of the discharge pump (which are typicallyrated using water as a test fluid) or other arbitrary methods.4.2 End users nee
20、d a test methodology that evaluates optimum performance data for planning and selection of equipment.4.3 This test method will assist producers and other stakeholders to verify and accurately report skimmer system performance.4.4 This test method is specifically designed to quantify two key skimmer
21、performance values, to reduce testing costs, and toencourage industry wide performance standardization.4.5 This test method establishes test conditions that will result in a measured nameplate recovery rate and an indication of thecombination of test parameters (oil type, viscosity, operating speed)
22、 that result in the highest average performance for the testedskimmer system.4.6 This test method will validate the performance of the discharge pump in the skimmer system, under conditions that aretypical of a recovery operation. Specifically, this will include a modest imposed head pressure compos
23、ed of static head anddynamic friction losses due to a specified length of discharge hose.4.7 This test method encourages performance testing using two or more oils for comparison purposes.4.8 Tests shall be conducted under well-documented conditions and generate repeatable results. More detailed tes
24、ting andcollection of skimmer performance is covered under existing standards (for example, Guide F631).4.9 Testing (SL Ross 2007)3 has shown that, when water is present, recovery performance in slick thicknesses ranging from 50mm to 75 mm results in values comparable to significantly thicker slicks
25、. This may not be the case with high-rate skimmers inviscous oil, where the rate of oil recovery exceeds the rate at which the slick will flow to the skimmer mechanism.4.10 For skimming systems that include various options for the discharge pump, the test described in this test method may beused to
26、measure the performance of the skimming component of the system. Performance of the pumping component can bemeasured independently using the same viscosity of oil and the discharge head conditions noted in this test method. The measurednameplate recovery rate of any specified skimming component and
27、pump combination would be the lesser of the skimmingcomponent and the pump.5. Test Facilities5.1 The minimum lateral dimensions of the test tank shall be three times the length and width of the skimmer device, that is,if the skimmer has a dimension of 1 by 1 m, the test area shall be 3 by 3 m. If th
28、e test is conducted without the presence of water,the tank may be smaller; however, the skimmer must float freely and be clear of the tank walls throughout the test period. The tankdepth shall accommodate the skimmer without grounding during the test.5.2 Test oils shall be identified by industry-acc
29、epted name and are recommended to fall within the five categories defined inGuide F631.5.3 It is recommended the skimmer system be tested in two or more oil types for comparison purposes.5.4 The oils used for testing will be characterized from samples taken at the start of a test period or when oil
30、is replenished froma new source. A test oil log shall be generated and will indicate test oil type, sample number, temperature, and test date.3 S. L. Ross Environmental Research Ltd., Skimmer Tests at the Ohmsett Facility to Validate a Standard Test Protocol for Nameplate Recovery Rate, Minerals Man
31、agementService, Herndon, VA, 2007 .F2709 1525.5 The following tests are to be conducted on oils: viscosity (Test Method D2983), bottom solids and water (Test MethodD4007), specific gravity (Test Method D1298), surface, and interfacial tension (Test Method D971). Viscosity may also beestablished usin
32、g a published temperature/viscosity chart for the test oil. Viscosity shall be reported for the temperature at whichthe test is performed.5.6 Manual temperature measurements of the test oil (and water, if applicable) will be taken in or near the skimmer sump withan accuracy of61C. Note that if testi
33、ng outdoors, solar effects may significantly increase surface oil temperature. If steam or heatis introduced into the skimmer system as part of its design, additional measurements are to be taken before such heating toaccurately gauge the properties of the oil.oil accurately.5.7 Ambient air test tem
34、perature shall be recorded.5.8 Record water salinity if applicable.5.9 The skimmer shall be tethered but must float freely for the duration of the test.5.10 Tanks are required for recovered product for subsequent volume measurements. The collection tanks shall be elevatedabove the test oil surface t
35、o accommodate a required static head on the skimmer system equal to 3.5 m of fluid. Alternatively, arestriction may be imposed within the discharge hose to mimic the desired static and dynamic head at the pump discharge atexpected flow rates.5.11 For skimmers that do not include a discharge pump, th
36、e recovery rate shall be measured as oil accumulates in theskimmers sump.5.12 When applicable, hydraulic pressure and flow measurements shall be made during the tests. Pressure and flow values shallnot exceed manufacturer recommendations.6. Skimmer System Set-up6.1 General:6.1.1 The skimmer componen
37、ts shall be fully documented. This shall include: dimensions, draft and freeboard, weight,specifications of skimmer, hydraulic power unit, discharge pump and hoses, and so forth. Components other than those providedby the manufacturer and necessary to assemble a functional skimmer system shall be re
38、ported.6.1.2 The skimmer shall be deployed in the center of the test area and tethered, but allowed to float freely.6.1.3 If a discharge pump is offered by the manufacturer as part of the system, the normal commercially offered pump shall beused in this test. It may be installed in the skimmer head
39、or remotely but shall be configured as designed.6.1.4 The manufacturer supplied power supply, hydraulic lines, control apparatus, and accessories shall be used to operate theskimmer.6.1.5 Control lines, hydraulic lines, and discharge hoses should not interfere with the normal operation of the skimme
40、r. Routehydraulic and discharge hoses to minimize effect on skimmer freeboard.6.1.6 The pump and power supply shall be operated within its normal operating range or duty point for the system.6.1.7 When applicable, the operational speed of the recovery device shall be recorded, that is, rotational sp
41、eed of drum or disc,or lineal speed of mop or brush. Various means may be employed, for example, mechanical or manual counters, measuringhydraulic flow correlated to rotational speed and so forth, but must be validated as part of each test series.6.1.8 Test oil is transferred from supply to the test
42、 area for establishing the initial preload volume slick thickness when wateris present.6.1.9 The skimming system will be equipped with a discharge hose 15 m long and of the manufacturer intended diameter. Thedischarge hose shall be routed to a collection tank. The end of the discharge hose opening s
43、hall be elevated 3.5 m above the testoil surface unless the head is simulated as described in 5.10.6.2 Testing with Oil Only:6.2.1 The volume of oil preloaded into the test tank shall be sufficient for the skimmer to remain free-floating throughout thetest.6.2.2 The collection tank shall be calibrat
44、ed to accurately quantify the volume of fluid collected. Measurement accuracy shallbe determined and documented.6.3 Testing in Oil with Water Present:6.3.1 The test tank shall be preloaded with fresh or salt water to a sufficient depth for the skimmer to remain free-floatingthroughout the test.6.3.2
45、 The test tank shall be preloaded with more than 75 mm of test oil. Note to testeradditional oil may be added to thepreload to allow for adjustments, operational speed measurements, and to achieve steady state recovery prior to the collectionperiod.6.3.3 An accurate means of determining oil slick th
46、ickness while the oil slick thickness is declining is required. Typical meansof accomplishing include manual soundings from tank edge to oil surface or using a submerged translucent tube (site glass) withan internal index.F2709 1536.3.4 The collection tank shall provide a means to decant free water
47、from the volume of recovered fluid.7. Procedure7.1 General:7.1.1 This test method defines the procedure for quantifying skimmer system recovery rate in a slick of all oil or oil with waterpresent while testing in ideal conditions.The presence of water provides a means of determining corresponding re
48、covery efficiency.7.1.2 The duration of the measurement period will depend on the recovery rate of the skimmer. The measurement period shouldbe a minimum of 30 s. The skimmer system shall be at a steady state operating condition before the collection period begins andmeasurements are obtained.7.2 Me
49、thodology:7.2.1 Confirm preload volume of oil and, if water present, slick thickness.7.2.2 Measure the surface oil temperature and, if present, water temperature below oil surface.7.2.3 Start the power supplies for the skimmer and discharge pump.7.2.4 If applicable, start data collection systems; (it is beneficial to obtain hydraulic pressure and flow measurements, supplytank volume, and so forth.)7.2.5 Start the skimmer discharge pump and, if applicable, recovery device simultaneously.7.2.6 Recover fluid to a secondary tank until flow is established and operationa
