1、Designation: F2792 101Standard Terminology forAdditive Manufacturing Technologies1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2792; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe discussion for the term “3-D printing” was corrected editorially in September 2010.1. Scope1.1 This terminology includes terms, definitions of terms,
3、descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associatedwith additive-manufacturing (AM) technologies in an effort tostandardize terminology used by AM users, producers, re-searchers, educators, press/media and others.NOTE 1The subcommittee responsible for this standard will reviewdefinitions on
4、 a three-year basis to determine if the definition is stillaccurate as stated. Revisions will be made when determined to benecessary.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ISO Standard:3ISO 10303 -1:1994 Industrial automation systems and inte-gration - Product data representation and exchange - Part1: Overview
5、and fundamental principles3. Significance and Use3.1 The definitions of the terms presented in this standardwere created by this subcommittee. This standard does notpurport to address safety concerns associated with the use ofAM technologies. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to e
6、stablish appropriate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use of additive manufacturing.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:3D printing, nfabrication of objects through the depositionof a material using a print head, nozzle, or another printertechnol
7、ogy.DISCUSSIONTerm often used synonymously with additive manufac-turing; in particular associated with machines that are low end in priceand/or overall capability.additive manufacturing (AM), nprocess of joining materi-als to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer uponlayer, as opposed to su
8、btractive manufacturing methodolo-gies. Synonyms: additive fabrication, additive processes,additive techniques, additive layer manufacturing, layermanufacturing, and freeform fabrication.additive systems, nmachines used for additive manufactur-ing.direct metal laser sintering (DMLSt), nuse of lasers
9、intering to make metal parts directly from metal powderswithout intermediate “green” or “brown” parts; term denotesmetal-based laser sintering systems from EOS GmbH -Electro Optical Systems. Synonym: direct metal laser melt-ing.facet, ntypically a three- or four-sided polygon that repre-sents an ele
10、ment of a 3D polygonal mesh surface or model;triangular facets are used in STL files.fused deposition modeling (FDMt), nmaking of thermo-plastic parts through heated extrusion and deposition ofmaterials layer by layer; term denotes machines built byStratasys, Inc.laser sintering (LS), nproduction of
11、 objects from powderedmaterials using one or more lasers to selectively fuse or meltthe particles at the surface, layer by layer, in an enclosedchamber.DISCUSSIONMost LS machines partially or fully melt the materialsthey process. The word “sintering” is a historical term and a misnomer,as the proces
12、s typically involves full or partial melting, as opposed totraditional powdered metal sintering using a mold and heat and/orpressure.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of Committee F42 on AdditiveManufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF42.91 on Terminolog
13、y.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedin 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F2792091. DOI: 10.1520/F2792-101.2Through a mutual agreement with ASTM International (ASTM), the Society ofManufacturing Engineers (SME) contributed the technical exper
14、tise of its RTAMCommunity members to ASTM to be used as the technical foundation for thisASTM standard. SME and its membership continue to play an active role inproviding technical guidance to the ASTM standards development process.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
15、 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=205791Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.prototype tooling, nmold
16、s, dies, and other devices used toproduce prototypes; sometimes referred to as bridge toolingor soft tooling.rapid prototyping, nadditive manufacturing of a design,often iterative, for form, fit, or functional testing, or combi-nation thereof.rapid tooling, nthe use of additive manufacturing to make
17、tools or tooling quickly, either directly, by making parts thatserve as the actual tools or tooling components, such as moldinserts, or indirectly, by producing patterns that are, in turn,used in a secondary process to produce the actual tools.rapid tooling, nin machining processes, the production o
18、ftools or tooling quickly by subtractive manufacturing meth-ods, such as CNC milling, etc.reverse engineering, nin additive manufacturing, method ofcreating a digital representation from a physical object todefine its shape, dimensions, and internal and externalfeatures.selective laser sintering (SL
19、St), ndenotes the LS processand machines from 3D Systems Corporation.stereolithography (SL), nprocess used to produce partsfrom photopolymer materials in a liquid state using one ormore lasers to selectively cure to a predetermined thicknessand harden the material into shape layer upon layer.stereol
20、ithography apparatus (SLAt), ndenotes the SLmachines from 3D Systems Corporation.subtractive manufacturing, nmaking objects by removingof material (for example, milling, drilling, grinding, carving,etc.) from a bulk solid to leave a desired shape, as opposedto additive manufacturing.surface model, n
21、mathematical or digital representation ofan object as a set of planar or curved surfaces, or both, thatmay or may not represent a closed volume.DISCUSSIONMay consist of Bezier B-spline surfaces or NURBSsurfaces. A surface model may also consist of a mesh of polygons, suchas triangles, although this
22、approach approximates the exact shape of themodel.tool, tooling, nmold, die, or other device used in variousmanufacturing and fabricating processes such as plasticinjection molding, thermoforming, blow molding, vacuumcasting, die casting, sheet metal stamping, hydroforming,forging, composite lay-up
23、tools, machining and assemblyfixtures, etc.3D printer, nmachine used for 3D printing.3D scanning, nmethod of acquiring the shape and size of anobject as a 3-dimensional representation by recording x,y,zcoordinates on the objects surface and through software thecollection of points is converted into
24、digital data.DISCUSSIONTypical methods use some amount of automation,coupled with a touch probe, optical sensor, or other device. Synonym:3D digitizing.4.2 Acronyms:CAD, nComputer-Aided Design. The use of computers forthe design of real or virtual objects.CAM, nComputer-Aided Manufacturing. Typicall
25、y refers tosystems that use surface data to drive CNC machines, suchas digitally-driven mills and lathes, to produce parts, molds,and dies.CNC, nComputer Numerical Control. Computerized controlof machines for manufacturing.DISCUSSIONCommon CNC machines include mills, lathes, grinders,and flame, lase
26、r, and water-jet cutters.IGES, nInitial Graphics Exchange Specification, a platformneutral CAD data exchange format intended for exchange ofproduct geometry and geometry annotation information;IGES version 5.3 was superseded by ISO 10303, STEP in2006.DISCUSSIONIGES is the common name for a United St
27、ates NationalBureau of Standards standard NBSIR 80-1978, Digital Representationfor Communication of Product Definition Data, which was approved byANSI first as ANS Y14.26M-1981 and later as ANS USPRO/IPO-100-1996.PDES, nProduct Data Exchange Specification or ProductData Exchange using STEP.DISCUSSIO
28、Noriginally a product data exchange specification devel-oped in the 1980s by the IGES/PDES Organization, a program of USProduct Data Association (USPRO), it was adopted as the basis for andsubsequently superseded by ISO 10303 STEP.STEP, nStandard for the Exchange of Product Model Data.DISCUSSIONThe
29、common name for ISO 10303 that “provides arepresentation of product information, along with the necessary mecha-nisms and definitions to enable product data to be exchanged. Thestandard applies to the representation of product information, includ-ing components and assemblies; the exchange of produc
30、t data, includ-ing storing, transferring, accessing, and archiving.”STL, nin additive manufacturing, file format for 3D modeldata used by machines to build physical parts; STL is the defacto standard interface for additive manufacturing systems.STL originated from the term stereolithography.DISCUSSI
31、ONThe STL format, in binary and ASCII forms, usestriangular facets to approximate the shape of an object. The format liststhe vertices, ordered by the right-hand rule, and unit normals of thetriangles, and excludes CAD model attributes.5. Keywords5.1 additive manufacturing; rapid prototyping; 3D pri
32、ntingF2792 1012BIBLIOGRAPHY(1) Wohlers Report 2009; http:/ (2) Castle Island; http:/ International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the val
33、idity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your com
34、ments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have
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