1、Designation: F2913 11Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Coefficient of Friction for Evaluation of SlipPerformance of Footwear and Test Surfaces/Flooring Usinga Whole Shoe Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2913; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2determines the dynamic coefficie
3、nt offriction between footwear and floorings under reproduciblelaboratory conditions for evaluating relative slip performance.The method is applicable to all types of footwear, outsole units,heel top-pieces (top-lifts) and sheet soling materials, also tomost types of indoor floorings, including matt
4、ing and stairnosing, and surface contaminants on the flooring surface,including but not limited to liquid water, ice, oil and grease.The method may also be applied to surfaces such as blockpavers, turf and gravel.1.2 Special purpose footwear or fittings containing spikes,metal studs or similar may b
5、e tested on appropriate surfaces butthe method does not fully take account of the risk of trippingdue to footwear/ground interlock.1.3 The values stated in the ASTM test method in metricsare to be regarded as the standard. The values in parenthesesare for information.1.4 This standard does not purpo
6、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F164
7、6 Terminology Relating to Safety and Traction forFootwear2.2 Other References:BS EN ISO 4287 Geometrical product specification (GPS).Surface texture: Profile method. Terms, definitions andsurface texture parameters4EN 10088-2 Stainless steels - Part 2: Technical deliveryconditions for sheet/plate an
8、d strip of corrosion resistingsteels for general purposes53. Terminology3.1 For general definitions of terms, refer to the Terminol-ogy F1646.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 slidera 76 6 1 mm circular test specimen cut fromsheet material.3.2.1.1 DiscussionShould a shape and or size of sliderother than a 76 mm
9、 circular shape be used, it shall bedocumented within the test report (see 14.1.2.1).3.2.2 slider 96a pre-described rectangular test specimenintended for use in calibration of the test surface (see 10.6.1).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The footwear item and underfoot surface are broughtinto contact,
10、subjected to a specified vertical force for a shortperiod of static contact then moved horizontally relative to oneanother at a constant speed. The horizontal frictional force ismeasured at a given time after movement starts and thedynamic coefficient of friction is calculated for the particularcond
11、itions of the test.5. Significance and Use5.1 This non-proprietary laboratory test method allows pre-liminarily for the reproducible testing of whole footwear andfootwear-related soling materials for evaluating relative slip1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13 onPedestri
12、an/Walkway Safety and Footwear and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F13.30 on Footwear.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. DOI:10.1520/F2913-11.2This standard is derived from SATRA TM144, Friction Slip Resistance ofFootwear and Floorings, copyright SATRA Techno
13、logy Centre, KetteringNorthamptonshire, NN16 8SD, United Kingdom.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM webs
14、ite.4Available from British Standards Institution (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd.,London W4 4AL, U.K., http:/.5Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), AvenueMarnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
15、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.performance. Other ASTM test methods generally employ astandardized test foot primarily for evaluation of flooringmaterials.6. Apparatus6.1 Slip tester capable of performing the required test.6,76.2 Ameans of conditioning the test specimens and standardre
16、ference materials, prior to the test, against which the speci-mens are to be tested, at 23 6 2C and 50 6 5% RH relativehumidity and carrying out the test at 23 6 2C.6.3 A means of securely mounting the footwear, outsoles orslider.6.4 A flat rigid horizontal surface mount of minimum width150 mm and m
17、inimum length 450 mm, to which the testunderfoot surface, hereafter termed the test surface, shall besecurely mounted.NOTE 1Adevice may be used to entrap lubricant within the footwear/surface contact area to ensure that the required depth of lubricant ismaintained.6.5 Ameans of holding the footwear,
18、 sole unit or slider clearof the test surface between test measurements without contactwith any other surfaces.6.6 A means of adjusting the angle between the footwear,sole unit or slider and the test surface so that the requiredcontact angle can be achieved, and a means of adjusting thecontact point
19、 horizontally with respect to the line of action ofthe vertical force when required.6.7 A rigid wedge of minimum dimensions 80 mm wide by120 mm long shall be used to set the contact angle of 7.0 60.5 between footwear, sole unit or slider and test surface whenrequired.Fig. 16.8 A mechanism for loweri
20、ng the footwear, sole unit orslider onto the test surface and applying a steadily increasingdownward force, including the weight of the test specimen andits mounting, at a rate that enables the required full forceeither 400 6 20Nor5006 25 N (see Table 1) to be achievedwithin 0.2 s of reaching 50 N.6
21、.9 A means of sliding the test surface relative to thefootwear, sole unit or slider at a speed of 0.3 6 0.03 m/scommencing within 0.2 s after a vertical load of 50 N isachieved. Sliding shall not start until full vertical force isachieved, see Fig. 2. The footwear test specimen may beconstrained whi
22、le the test floor is moved relative to it, or viceversa.6.10 A means of measuring time with a resolution of 0.01 s(graph should have tick marks every 0.01 s) or better.6.11 A means of measuring:6.11.1 The continuous vertical force exerted on the testspecimen, with an accuracy of2%orbetter.6.11.2 The
23、 continuous horizontal frictional force, with anaccuracy of2%orbetter, exerted on the test specimenmeasured in the plane of the surface of the test surface.6.11.3 The displacement of the moving item, test surface orfootwear, sole unit or slider, to the nearest 1 mm.6.12 The apparatus comprising elem
24、ents 6.2-6.10 shall besufficiently rugged to prevent vibration.7. Hazards7.1 Care should be used when working with mechanicalequipment. Attention to be given to preventing a pinch hazardwhile in operation.8. Sampling and Test Specimens8.1 For footwear items (footwear, sole units or slider), see10.10
25、.NOTE 2The term slider refers to sample of soling material generallycut from a larger sample so to fit the apparatus. Such as a piece of solingmaterial or heel toplift, which is sold in sheets and cut to size as neededfor use in footwear.8.2 For test surfaces, see 10.3 and 10.4; for contaminants/lub
26、ricants, see 10.5.NOTE 3Either the footwear item or the test surface may be the subjectof the test. Appropriate flooring items and footwear items respectively areselected as the reference materials against which the test item is to betested.9. Preparation of Apparatus, Test Specimens and TestSurface
27、s9.1 Prepare and condition standard reference materials (testsurfaces and/or test sliders) according to 10.7.6The sole source of supply of the slip tester (STM603) known to the committeeat this time is SATRATechnology Centre, Kettering, Northamptonshire, NN16 8SD,United Kingdom.7If you are aware of
28、alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 1 Example of Footwear Mounted Using 7 Wedge to SetProper Contact AngleTABLE 1 Ver
29、tical Load to be Applied in Slip Test RunFootwear ItemFull Loadto beApplied(N)Footwear and finished soles of size US size 7.5 mens and 8.5womens, (Paris Points 40) (UK size 6.5) and above500 6 25Footwear and finished soles of sizes below US size 7.5 mensand 8,5 womens (Paris Points 40) (UK size 6.5)
30、400 6 20Top-pieces and sole materials intended for mens footwear 500 6 25Top-pieces and sole materials intended for womens, childrensand infants footwear400 6 20F2913 1129.2 Prepare and condition footwear, outsole or slider mate-rials according to 10.10.9.3 Fit and secure the prepared test surface o
31、nto the rigidsurface mount. If more than one test surface specimen isrequired to achieve a test track of at least 40 mm, position thejoint(s) outside the area traversed during the test run.9.4 Securely fit the prepared footwear, sole unit or slider toan appropriate mounting.9.5 Lower the footwear, s
32、ole unit or slider into contact withthe test surface under its own weight. Adjust the alignment andangle of the footwear, sole unit or slider to conform to one ofthe test modes defined in 12.6.1.9.6 Fully tighten all mounting adjustments and lift thefootwear test specimen away from the test surface.
33、9.7 Apply contaminant if required (see 10.5).9.8 Activate the data recording system.9.9 Bring the footwear test specimen into contact with thetest surface and apply the required vertical force as specified inTable 1.Key:A 50 N reachedB Full force achieved and relative movement started within 0.2 s a
34、fter AC Snapshot value of horizontal force taken at (0.1 6 0.01) s after the start of sliding movementD Snapshot value of vertical force taken at (0.1 6 0.01) s after the start of sliding movementFIG. 2 Test Chart Showing Sequence of Events in a Typical Test RunFIG. 3 Example of Test ApparatusF2913
35、11310. Calibration and StandardizationTest Surfaces(Floorings) and Lubricants10.1 General Information :10.1.1 Any type of test surface and lubricant may be usedprovided it can be securely mounted without interfering withthe action of the test.10.1.2 Test specimens shall be of uniform mean thickness,
36、allowing for any surface pattern, and have minimum dimen-sions of 220 by 120 mm.10.1.3 When evaluating an extruded or rolled product,where possible, cut specimens either:10.1.3.1 Parallel to the process direction,10.1.3.2 Perpendicular to the process direction, or10.1.3.3 At 45 to the process direct
37、ion.NOTE 4Where the process direction is not known, the directionsshould be referenced in relation to some other distinguishing feature onthe flooring.10.1.4 When evaluating worn surfaces it may be appropriateto measure these items in directions aligned with any patternsof wear in addition to the no
38、rmal modes of testing.10.1.5 When preparing specimens to be used as referencematerials for testing footwear or footwear materials, thespecimens shall be calibrated in the direction in which they areto be used by either:10.1.5.1 Determination of standard COF test values againsta Slider 96 slider in 1
39、0.6,or10.1.5.2 Specification of surface roughness in 10.9.2.10.1.6 Other floors used for comparing performance offootwear or footwear materials should be characterized bytesting against Slider 96 rubber to establish the nominalperformance level of the flooring for future reference.8,710.1.7 Transien
40、t surfaces such as natural grass and iceshould be characterized by other means as appropriate, describ-ing in full detail how they were made. In general such surfaceswill be damaged or changed by the action of the test so it maynot be practicable to quantify their friction against a standardslider n
41、or to perform multiple measurements on the samesample.10.1.8 All test surfaces should be stored carefully: do notstack specimens on top of each other. When handling testsurface samples, hold them by the edges and do not touch thetest surface of the tiles.10.1.9 Cleaning procedures for test materials
42、 are given in10.11.10.2 Additional Apparatus:10.2.1 For retaining friable, weak or loose surfaces such asnatural grass or gravel, a walled tray that will locate on thehorizontal surface of the friction test apparatus and is suffi-ciently large that no part of the footwear or footwear materialsbeing
43、tested will come into contact with the tray during the test.A flat rigid plate 5 mm less in length and in width than the traythat is used for consolidating friable, weak or loose surfacessuch as natural grass or gravel.10.2.1.1 A means of applying a vertical load to the center ofthe plate shall be l
44、aid on the surface, which should be evenlydistributed in the tray, and a vertical load applied through thecenter of the plate. The area of the plate and the total loadapplied should be recorded.10.3 Test Surface SpecificationsCalibrated Clay QuarryTile:10.3.1 Flat unglazed clay quarry tile9,7that is
45、 wider than thetest specimen and long enough to allow a sliding distance of atleast 75 mm without crossing a joint.10.3.1.1 Sufficiently flat to allow it to be secured on themounting table such that no movement occurs between the tileand mounting table during the test.10.3.1.2 Has a ribbed profile o
46、r directional marking on theunderside to identify the direction in which the tile should bealigned (with the ribs parallel to the sliding direction).10.3.1.3 Conforms to the values specified in Table 2 whencalibrated by the Slider 96 method (see 10.6).NOTE 5Calibration figures could differ as suppli
47、ed by the tile pro-vider and should be reported within the test document.10.3.1.4 Calibration of the tiles should be checked afterevery 10 tests or prior to each day of testing whichever is theless frequent, to ensure that they are not being worn smooth orotherwise damaged. However, if experience sh
48、ows that thefriction properties of the test floor are not strongly influencedby repeated testing then calibration intervals may be extended.10.4 Test Surface SpecificationsStainless Steel:10.4.1 A Stainless Steel Plate:10.4.1.1 Such as steel Number 1.4301, Type 2G (coldrolled, ground) conforming to
49、EN 10088-2 or AISA Type304.10,710.4.1.2 That when calibrated by the roughness methodwhich gives an overall mean value of Rzfrom all 10 locationsof between 1.6 m and 2.5 m, as described in 10.9.10.4.2 Other Test SurfacesThese test surfaces may in-clude such materials as vinyl, wood, carpet, GRP (glassreinforced plastic), concrete, etc., shall consist of a flat sheet ofmaterial or set of tiles wider and longer than the test specimenand long enough to allow a sliding distance of at least 75 mm.The test surface may be calibrated
