1、Designation: F2926 12F2926 18Standard Guide forSelection and Operation of Vessel-mounted CameraSystems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2926; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for the selection of camera remote sensing systems that are vessel-mounted forthe
3、detection of oil on water.1.2 This guide applies to the detection of oil-on-water involving cameras of IR, visible, ultra-violet, or night vision types.1.3 The context of camera use is addressed to the extent it has a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missions orobjectives.1.4 This
4、guide is generally applicable to all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or freshwater situations.1.5 Many camera technologies exhibit limitations with respect to discriminating between the target substances under certainstates of weathering, lighting, wind and
5、 sea, or various camera settings.1.6 General In general remote sensing systems are used to detect and delineate the overall slick. Vessel-mounted systems areused only to provide a tactical image in front the vicinity of the recovery vessel.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as stan
6、dard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental pr
7、actices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and
8、Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2327 Guide for Selection of Airborne Remote Sensing Systems for Detection and Monitoring of Oil on Water3. Significance and Use3.1 The contributions of an eff
9、ective vessel-mounted camera system:3.1.1 Provide a tactical image of the portion of spill in front the vicinity of the vessel upon which the system is mounted,3.1.2 Assist in detection of slicks when they are not observable by persons operating at, or near, the waters surface or at night,3.1.3 Prov
10、ide assistance in judging whether these are sheens or slicks containing the most oil,identifying the area of heaviestoil concentration,3.1.4 Provide input for the operational deployment of equipment,3.1.5 Extend the hours of clean-up operations to include darkness and poor visibility,3.1.6 Identify
11、oceanographic and geographic features toward which the oil may migrate,3.1.6 Locate reported oil-on-water, and1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.16on Surveillance and Trackin
12、g.Current edition approved March 1, 2012April 1, 2018. Published March 2012April 2018. Originally approved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 asD292612. DOI: 10.1520/F292612.10.1520/F292618.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Serv
13、ice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previou
14、s version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Inter
15、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.7 Guidance for operational crews to the slick(s).4. Overview of Remote Sensing Equipment Capabilities and Limitations4.1 The capability of camera equipment is determined by the physical and chemical pro
16、perties of the atmosphere, the water, andthe target oil. There may be variations in the degree of sophistication, sensitivity and spatial resolution of sensors using the sameportion of the electromagnetic spectrum and detector technology. Sensors within a given class tend to have the same generalcap
17、abilities and typically suffer from the same limitations (see Guide F2327).4.2 Combinations of camera types may offer broader spectral coverage that permit better probability of detection, betterdiscrimination, and effective operation over a broader range of weather and lighting conditions. Certain
18、combinations, or sensorsuites, are well documented, and their use is particularly suited to oil spill response missions.4.3 Camera performance can be enhanced by a variety of real-, near real-time real time or post processing techniques appliedto the acquired data or imagery. Furthermore, image or d
19、ata fusion can greatly enhance the utility of the camera output or product.4.4 In a deployment of camera systems, it is likely that the source, general location and type of oil would have been reportedin advance of the launch of the vessel upon which the camera system is mounted. The planning for sp
20、ills in different situationinfluences the selection of cameras.4.5 Vessel-mounted cameras can provide tactical imagery, such as to determine the response vessel maneuvers to enhance theoil encounter rates during daytime and nighttime.4.6 In rough sea conditions, some form of camera stabilization may
21、 be needed to produce a useful image.4.7 No sensor is currently available to give information on actual oil thickness. Only relative thickness information, thick orthin, can be derived from an infrared camera.4.8 Table 1 lists cameras based upon their mode of operation. Summary information on their
22、positive features and limitationsis presented.4.9 Table 2 presents a summary of key attributes which generally influence the selection of cameras.5. Summary5.1 The information presented in this guide should be considered a starting point for camera selection. In addition to the contextof use and the
23、 attributes of the various types of sensors. Both camera technology, and image and data analysis capabilities areevolving rapidly. Some equipment is not commercially-available.5.2 After selecting the camera, one must select the correct mounting angle and position. A nomogram is presented in Table 3t
24、o assist in mounting the camera and selecting view angles. Cameras for surveillance applications are suited to oil spill vesselapplications as they are available with remote angle and pan controls as well as narrow fields of view (vertical and horizontal viewangles). Fig. 1 shows the essential cross
25、 section of a camera mount.5.2.1 It is important then to purchase a camera with the vertical and horizontal view angles that will permit the vessel to lookforward sufficiently to enable steering into the slick. It is important that the camera have a good view of the slick and of the boom,if used, wh
26、ere the skimmer is positioned. Calculations were made on optimal angles, etc. and are presented in Table 3.5.3 Setting the Camera AngleThe camera is best set at Brewsters angle, which is about 53 from the vertical. At Brewstersangle, reflection from the water surface is minimized. This angle however
27、 may not permit sufficient forward view for someapplications. Thus an adjustable camera is desirable. See Fig. 2.6. Conclusions6.1 Vessel mounted cameras can provide useful imagery to assist in maneuvering the vessel during oil recovery to enhance oilencounter rate.6.2 Four types of cameras are used
28、, infrared, visible, ultraviolet and night vision. Infrared is common and can provide imagerydiscriminating between sheens and thicker oil. Infrared cameras are often used together with visible cameras. Ultraviolet camerasmay be less useful as they highlight sunlight and other glare. Night vision ca
29、meras may enhance night recovery operations.6.3 The height and angle mounting of the camera are important both to provide a useful image as well as to provide desiredcoverage of sea surface. Cameras should be mounted at or near Brewsters angle (about 53 from the vertical).6.4 Cameras with pan, tilt,
30、 zoom capability are best for vessel-mounted applications.7. Keywords7.1 mast-mounted sensors; oil spill detection; oil spill remote sensing; ship-mounted sensorsF2926 182TABLE 1 Camera CharacteristicsCamera/Band Principal of Operation Positive Features LimitationsVisual Operate in, and near, the (h
31、uman) visible spectrum(400 to 750 nm). Using photographic films,scanners with one or more narrow band detectorsor charge coupled devices (CCD) to capture an image.Equipment is widely available, generally inexpensive,light and easily accommodated on mostplatforms. Imagery is in every-day use and the
32、laymancan easily relate to its content. This characteristicmakes the imagery an excellent base forrecording and presenting other data.Oil is generally perceptible over the entire visiblespectrum, but is not specific to an oil type.Instances of not being able to discriminatethe oil from its backgroun
33、d, or differentiate itfrom other substances or phenomena in or on thewaters surface, lead to frequent non-detectsand false detects. Night vision cameras mayextend the operational window, but visualtechnologies are limited by available light.Infrared While the infrared (IR) spectrum ranges from750 nm
34、 to 1 mm, the bulk of the camera systemsoperate in the thermal or mid-IR, 3 to 30 m(3000 to 30 000 nm).Within this range there are two predominant sub-groupsoperating at 3 to 5 m and 8 to 12 or 14 m.The latter range offers the most useful data for oilspills.Fresh oil shows a contrast to open water i
35、n thethermal infrared. This characteristic is not uniqueto hydrocarbons. Slicks thicker than about 20 to 70 mAcan be seen. Newer IR cameras have excellent thermaldiscrimination, fairly good resolution, arelight-weight, have modest power demands, andtypically have both digital and video outputs.Small
36、 patches, thin, or significantly weathered oil maynot be detectable. Other heterogeneities such as highamounts of seaweed or debris, oil in or on ice,oil on beaches, etc. may render the oil undetectablein the IR. There is no relationship between slickthickness and the intensity of the IR image.In th
37、e daytime thick oil is hotter than waterand oil of intermediate thickness is cooler.(The cross over with water occurs when the oil isabout 20 to 150 m thick.)B At nightthis relationship reverses (unless the spill is freshand the oil is hotter than the water when itarrives at the surface). This resul
38、ts in twoperiods per day (near sunrise and sunset) withpoor discrimination.Ultraviolet Oil is highly reflective in the ultraviolet(UV200 to 400 nm).Very thin (10 m) layers of oil can be detected inthe UV.B Thus, even sheens, can be delineated.UV cameras have fairly good resolution, are lightweight,
39、andhave minimal power demandsHigh UV reflectance is not unique to oil. Sun glint,biogenic and other materials and phenomena canyield strong returns in the UV. Thistechnology is limited to available light situationsand is best used in combination with other sensors,typically IR.Night VisionCamerasLow
40、 light levels are amplified and thencaptured on a conventional camera system.Can provide a clean image of the targeted scene evenin complete darkness.Image is still limited as there is no unique oil signature.Extraneous light as from navigation lights mayflood the image.A Fingas, M. F., and Brown, C
41、. E., “Oil Spill Remote Sensing, A Review,” Chapter 6 in Oil Spill Science and Technology, Elsevier, New York, NY, 2011, pp. 111169,.B Fingas, M., and C. Brown, “Oil Spill Remote Sensing: A Forensic Approach”, Chapter 14 in Oil Spill Environmental Forensics: Fingerprinting and Source Identification,
42、 Z. Wang and S. Stout, Eds., Academic Press,Amsterdam, 2007, pp. 419447.F2926183TABLE 2 Key Attributes for Camera SelectionACamera State ofDevelopmentExperiencein UseBSpecific toOilImmunityto False TargetsAcquisitionCost Range k$Special MountingRequirementsCamera State ofDevelopmentExperiencein UseB
43、Specific toOilImmunityto False TargetsAcquisitionCost Range k$CCD Camera High High Poor Poor 1 to 5 noneCCD Camera High High Poor Poor 1 to 5Videovisual High High Poor Poor 1 to 10 noneVideovisual High High Poor Poor 1 to 10IR camera(3 to 5 m)High Medium Poor Poor 4 to 10 noneIR camera(3 to 5 m)High
44、 Medium Poor Poor 4 to 10IR Camera(8 to 14m)Medium Medium Medium Medium 10 to 50 noneIR Camera(8 to 14m)Medium Medium Medium Medium 2 to 250UV Camera Medium Medium Poor Poor 4 to 20 noneUV Camera Medium Medium Poor Poor 4 to 20A Information presented in this table was adapted from: Fingas, M. F. and
45、, Brown, C., “Oil Spill Remote Sensing:AReview,” Chapter 6, in Oil Spill Science and Technology,M. Fingas, Editor, Gulf Publishing Company, NY, NY, 2011, pp. 111169.B The Experience in Use refers to the amount of historical use.TABLE 3 Nomogram Showing Mast Heights, Camera Angles, and CoverageCamera
46、 heightabove water(m)Viewing angle(a) ()Camera verticalview angle(b) ()Distancealong water(m)Camera Horizontal View Angle (c) ()Distanceacross water (m)Area viewedon water (m2)8 53 3 0.3 0.5 1.5 3 0.2 0.5 18 53 7.5 0.6 0.4 1.2 2.4 0.2 0.7 18 53 12.5 1 0.4 1.2 2.4 0.4 1.2 28 53 20 1.7 0.4 1.3 2.6 0.7
47、 2.2 48 45 3 0.3 0.5 1.5 3 0.2 0.5 18 45 12.5 1.2 0.5 1.4 2.9 0.6 1.7 38 45 20 2 0.5 1.5 3 1 3 68 40 3 0.3 0.5 1.5 3 0.2 0.5 18 40 12.5 1.3 0.5 1.6 3.1 0.7 2.1 48 40 20 2.1 0.5 1.6 3.2 1.1 3.4 712 53 3 0.4 0.7 2 4 0.3 0.8 212 53 10 1.3 0.7 2 3.9 0.9 2.6 512 53 20 2.5 0.6 1.9 3.8 1.5 4.8 1012 45 3 0.
48、4 0.7 2 4 0.3 0.8 212 45 10 1.5 0.8 2.3 4.5 1.2 3.5 712 45 20 2.9 0.7 2.2 4.4 2 6.4 1312 40 3 0.5 0.8 2.5 5 0.4 1.3 312 40 10 1.6 0.8 2.4 4.8 1.28 3.8 812 40 20 3.2 0.8 2.4 4.8 2.6 7.7 1512 53 3 0.4 0.7 2 4 0.3 0.8 212 53 10 1.3 0.7 2 3.9 0.9 2.6 512 53 20 2.5 0.6 1.9 3.8 1.5 4.8 1012 45 3 0.4 0.7 2
49、 4 0.3 0.8 212 45 12.5 1.8 0.7 2.2 4.3 1.3 4 812 45 20 2.9 0.7 2.2 4.4 2 6.4 1312 40 3 0.5 0.8 2.5 5 0.4 1.3 312 40 10 1.6 0.8 2.4 4.8 1.28 3.8 812 40 20 3.2 0.8 2.4 4.8 2.6 7.7 1515 53 3 0.5 0.8 2.5 5 0.4 1.3 315 53 12.5 2 0.8 2.4 4.8 1.6 4.8 1015 53 20 3.1 0.8 2.3 4.7 2.5 7.1 1515 45 3 0.6 1 3 6 0.6 1.8 415 45 12.5 2.3 0.9 2.8 5.5 2.1 6.4 1315 45 20 3.7 0.9 2.8 5.6 3.3 10.4 2115 40 3 0.6 1 3 6 0.6 1.8 415 40 12.5 2.5 1 3 6 2.5 7.5 1515 40 20 4 1 3 6 4 12 2420 53 3 0.6 1 3 6 0.6 1.8 420 53 12.5 2.6 1 3.1 6.2 2.6 8.1 1620 53 20 4.2 1.1 3.2 6.3 4.6 13.4
