1、Designation: F3031 17Standard Practice forRange of Motion Evaluation of First Responders ProtectiveEnsembles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3031; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONProtective ensembles such as firefighter turnout gear, HAZMAT suits, etc., may impose a negativeergonomic impact on the w
3、earer. This impact may involve restriction of movement and overalldiscomfort to the wearer. The possible increased restrictions of mobility during the use of protectiveensembles may result in injuries to the musculoskeletal system, decreased performance, and decreasedcomfort. It is up to the end use
4、r to decide the meaningfulness of the information provided with the useof this standard for the performance of his/her job. This ergonomic standard practice is to determineand report the range of motion (ROM) of the protective ensemble or base ensemble, or both, and hasbeen designed to allow for com
5、parisons of the ROM between ensembles of the same class (firefighterturnout gear) and from different classes (firefighter ensemble versus HAZMAT suit).1. Scope1.1 This practice specifies the test equipment and proce-dures for assessing ROM on subjects wearing a protectiveclothing ensemble.1.2 This p
6、ractice covers the ergonomic measurements ofrange of motion and subjective perceptions.1.3 To increase safety during testing, this practice requiresthe use of human participants who meet specific health andphysical fitness requirements.1.4 This practice does not attempt to determine otherclothing ch
7、aracteristics, such as thermal insulation and evapo-rative resistance of the protective clothing ensemble. TestMethods F1291 and F2370 can be used for these measure-ments.1.5 The values stated in this standard shall be SI units.1.6 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain thenecessa
8、ry and appropriate approval(s) required by their insti-tution for conducting tests using human participants.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety
9、and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Stand
10、ards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation ofClothing Using a Heated ManikinF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF237
11、0 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin2.2 BSI Standards:3BS EN 469 Protective Clothing for Firefighters Perfor-mance Requirements for Protective Clothing for Firefight-ingBS 8469 Personal Protective Equipment for Firefighters Assessment of Ergono
12、mic Performance and Compatibility Requirements and Test Methods1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 201
13、7. Originallyapproved in 2017. DOI: 10.1520/F3031-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Availab
14、le from British Standards Institution (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd.,London W4 4AL, U.K., http:/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized prin
15、ciples on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.3 ISO Standard:4ISO 10551 Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment Assessme
16、nt of the Influence of the Thermal EnvironmentUsing Subjective Judgement Scales3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Refer to Terminology F1494 for definitions of termsused in this practice.3.1.2 clothing ensemble, nfor first responders, a protectiveensemble.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice ca
17、n be used for the evaluation of the ROMof protective clothing ensembles worn under controlled condi-tions and can provide guidelines for the motion evaluation ofPPE.4.1.1 This practice utilizes a space large enough to allowusers to move freely during the tasks and a chair and a stretcherto measure c
18、ertain body joint mobility.NOTE 1Since required range of motion values will be related to thework task to be done while wearing the protective ensemble, the end usershould decide meaningfulness of the information provided by thisstandard for the performance of their job.4.2 This practice establishes
19、 general procedures for theevaluation based on the measurement of range of motion andsubjective perceptions.4.2.1 The data obtained can be used to evaluate the ROM ofthe test participant while wearing a protective clothing en-semble.4.2.2 The data are also potentially useful in the research anddevel
20、opment of advanced ensembles that are designed foroptimal mobility and comfort or reduce strain on the wearerthereby reducing the potential injury associated with wearingthe protective clothing ensemble.4.2.3 The data are also potentially useful for first responderorganizations to compare the ROM wh
21、ile wearing differentensembles.4.2.4 This practice could also be used by consensus stan-dards organizations in the development of ergonomic testcriteria for protective ensembles.4.3 Departures from the instructions in this practice have thepotential to lead to significantly different test results. T
22、echnicalknowledge concerning mobility of body joints, subjectiveevaluations, and testing practices is needed to evaluate whichdepartures from the instructions given in this practice aresignificant. All departures must be reported with the results.5. Apparatus5.1 Laboratory Space with Environmental M
23、easuresAroom that is large enough to accommodate the tasks that thetest participant will perform.Also, the room conditions shall bestable and recorded during testing. Use standard lab equipmentto measure the ambient environmental conditions under whichthe testing occurs.5.1.1 Relative Humidity Measu
24、rementUse a humidity-sensing device and have an accuracy of 65 % relative humid-ity and a repeatability of 63 % to be acceptable (for example,wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer).5.1.2 Air Temperature SensorsUse shielded air tempera-ture sensors. The sensor shall have an overall accuracy of60.15
25、 C (for example, resistance temperature detectors(RTDs), thermocouple, sensor). The sensor shall have a timeconstant not exceeding 1 min.5.2 Measuring MobilityStandard instruments include aflexible tape measure, circumference tape, washable marker,and platform scale to perform anthropometric measure
26、ments.Use specific ergonomic assessment equipment during ergo-nomic assessments: large- and small-joint goniometer orelectro-goniometer, flex-tester sit-and-reach flexibility test box,and skinfold caliper.5.3 Measuring Subjective PerceptionsAssess subjectiveperceptions, as it relates to ROM. Refer t
27、o ISO 10551 for theinstructions on creating and using judgement scales.5.4 Participant Clothing EnsemblesChoose and wear baseensemble clothing (of identical design and construction) that isappropriate for all of the different ensembles that are beingevaluated. If the base ensemble is not specified,
28、then a T-shirt,athletic shorts, socks, and underwear shall be used as thedefault base ensemble and shall be constructed of 100 % cottonwhere possible. Sock selection shall be based on the type offootwear used (for example, boot socks with boots). Theparticipant must wear identical base ensemble clot
29、hing andshoes for all the tests for which they are involved, even if thetest sessions occur on different days. The base ensemble wornmust be recorded each session.5.4.1 If intended to be reused or laundered, launder en-semble in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. Setthe number of launde
30、ring cycles to be consistent with theobjectives of the testing.5.4.2 Athletic ShoesWear athletic shoes with a soft rubbersole during testing, unless the protective ensemble includesfootwear as part of the ensemble or if its instructions for use lista required type of footwear.5.4.3 As needed between
31、 wear test sessions, protectiveclothing ensembles shall be cleaned in accordance with themanufacturers instructions. The number of cleanings/launderings shall be recorded and reported.6. Sampling, Participants, and Familiarization Period6.1 SamplingTest a minimum of eight different partici-pants to
32、evaluate the performance of each protective clothingensemble.6.2 Test ParticipantsIndividuals who participate in thistest shall do so strictly on a volunteer basis. Test laboratoriesshall adhere to all internal regulations regarding human testingand obtain the required human testing approval from th
33、eirrespective institutions. Participants shall be informed of all thedetails of this standard practice and the associated risks andbenefits prior to providing their informed written consent.Complete anonymity and confidentiality shall be given to eachparticipant.4Available from International Organiz
34、ation for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.F3031 1726.2.1 Select test participants either from a general popula-tion or a specific target population (for example, fire fighters).6.2.2 Medical E
35、valuationIf the respective institutionalreview committees rules and regulations for ergonomic re-search require a medical evaluation or screening, have onecompleted for each test subject prior to the evaluation.6.2.3 Participant GenderUnless a specific target popula-tion is being evaluated, select p
36、articipants of either gender.6.2.4 Participant Age and StatureUnless a specific targetpopulation is being evaluated, select adults between the ages of18 and 55 years. If testing males, the body mass of theparticipants shall be between 65 and 100 kg (143 and 220 lb)and body height between 1.70 and 1.
37、95 m (67 and 77 in.). Iftesting females, the body mass of the participants shall bebetween 50 and 90 kg (110 and 198 lb) and body heightbetween 1.60 and 1.85 m (63 and 73 in.).NOTE 2Other heights and weights should be considered if a specificgroup of individuals is the main focus of the ergonomics e
38、valuation.6.2.5 Ensemble SizingChoose protective ensembles foreach test subject based on sizing information provided by thegarment manufacturer.6.2.6 Test SessionsCommit participants to multiple testsessions as needed depending on the number of ensembles tobe evaluated.6.3 Familiarization PeriodProv
39、ide a test familiarizationsession prior to the actual testing for the purpose of introducingindividuals to the test protocol and allowing them to becomefamiliar with the protective clothing ensemble, the measure-ments being obtained, and the laboratory test area.6.4 Safety ProvisionsAuthorize each t
40、est subject to termi-nate testing for any reason without penalty. There must be anestablished emergency response routine in the event of asignificant adverse response to the test.7. Procedure7.1 Environmental Test ConditionsStandardize the envi-ronmental conditions provided below for all tests.7.1.1
41、 Air VelocitySet air velocity at a level that is appro-priate for the protective clothing ensembles being tested. If airvelocity is not specified, choose an air velocity of no greaterthan 0.5 m s as the default value.7.1.2 Relative HumiditySet relative humidity at a levelthat is appropriate for the
42、protective clothing ensembles beingtested. Relative humidity shall be controlled during testingwithin a range of 65 %. If relative humidity is not specified,50 % shall be used as the default value.7.1.3 Air TemperatureSet air temperature at a level that isappropriate for the protective clothing ense
43、mbles being tested.Air temperature shall be controlled during testing within arange of 61 C. If air temperature is not specified, 21 C shallbe used as the default value.7.2 Ergonomic MeasurementsBase the evaluation of theprotective ensemble on range of motion and ratings of comfortas it relates to R
44、OM.7.2.1 Range of Motion (ROM)Assess the impact on thewearers of the protective ensemble by measuring the range ofmotion of most of the body joints.7.2.1.1 Static ROMAssess ensemble impact by measuringthe degrees of maximal displacement/flexibility of differentbody joints.7.2.1.2 Shoulder Flexion:St
45、art Position: The subject is supine. The arm is at the side,with the palm facing medially.End Position: Subject remains supine, dominant humerushas moved anteriorly and dominant shoulder is fully flexed(without shoulder elevation). See Appendix X1.Goniometer Position: Place the goniometer axis at th
46、ecenter and at the lateral aspect of the humeral head. This isapproximately 2.5 cm inferior to the lateral aspect of theacromion process. Place the stationary arm lateral to thesubjects dominant side. In the sagittal plane, running along themid-axillarly line, and pointing toward the floor. Place th
47、emovable arm parallel to the humeral longitudinal axis, andpointing toward the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Theassessed value shall be the total degrees of movement from thestarting to the ending position.7.2.1.3 Shoulder Abduction:Start Position: Subject is standing in anatomical position.End
48、 Position: The dominant arm has moved laterally to fullshoulder abduction without elevating the shoulder or flexingthe elbow. See Appendix X1.Goniometer Position: Place the goniometer axis at themidpoint of posterior aspect of the glenohumeral joint. This isapproximately 1.3 cm inferiolateral to the
49、 coracoid process.Place the stationary arm parallel to the coronal plane, on theposterior aspect of the humerus (when in anatomical position)and pointing toward the floor. Place the movable arm parallelto the longitudinal axis of the humerus (throughout themotion). The assessed value shall be the total degrees ofmovement from the starting to the ending position.7.2.1.4 Cervical Rotation:Start Position: Subject is seated with the head and neck inanatomical position.End Position: The subjects neck is rotated to the limit ofmotio
