1、Designation: F3102 15Standard Guide forSpecifying, Measuring, and Managing Impact Attenuation ofSynthetic Turf Playing Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Applicable to synthetic turf playing systems, regardlessof intended use, which are subject to testing i
3、n accordance withSpecification F1936.1.2 Applicable to synthetic turf playing systems installedeither indoors or outdoors.1.3 Not applicable to natural turf playing systems.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibili
4、ty of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F355 Test Method for ImpactAttenuation of Playing SurfaceSystems and MaterialsF1936 Specification f
5、or Impact Attenuation of Turf PlayingSystems as Measured in the FieldF2650 Terminology Relating to Impact Testing of SportsSurfaces and Equipment3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Except as noted, definitions in this guide are inaccordance with Terminology F2650.3.1.2 ga unit of acceleration equal
6、to standard gravity.Missile accelerations expressed in “g” units are the ratio of themissile acceleration to standard gravity and are hence dimen-sionless.3.1.3 g-maxmaximum acceleration magnitude recordedduring a single impact, expressed in “g” units.3.1.4 impact attenuationreduction of loads produ
7、ced inthe course of an impact by means of a cushioning system ordevice, relative to a load criterion or to the loads produced bya reference system.3.1.5 infillmaterial(s) applied to the surface of a tall-pilesynthetic turf playing system in order to create desired perfor-mance characteristics. Infil
8、l materials can include sand, rubber,other substances, or combinations thereof.3.1.6 playabilitythe suitability of a playing surface inrelation to the requirements of the sport(s) played on it.3.1.7 reported g-max valuethe g-max value assigned to atest point as the result of a test conducted in acco
9、rdance withSpecification F1936. It is the average of the g-max valuesrecorded during the second and third missile impacts roundedto the nearest whole number.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to provide designers, specifiers,owners, operators and managers of synthetic turf playingsyst
10、ems with information related to specifying, measuring andmanaging impact attenuation.4.2 The goal of this guide is to facilitate decisions andactions that will maximize the safety, playability and functionallongevity of individual synthetic turf playing systems, primar-ily as related to impact atten
11、uation.4.3 This guide presents various options related tospecifying, measuring and managing impact attenuation ofsynthetic turf playing systems.4.4 Unless specifically stated, this guide does not attempt toendorse or recommend specific options or practices. It is left tothe user of the guide to dete
12、rmine the option, practice or courseof action that is most appropriate for them, given the specificsof their individual situation.5. Specifying Impact Attenuation5.1 ASTMs requirement for impact attenuation of syntheticturf playing systems is established in Section 6 of SpecificationF1936. The speci
13、fication requires that the reported g-max valuefor each test point be less than the designated limit-value. Insituations where the reported value of one or more test pointsis equal to or greater than the designated limit-value, the turf1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F0
14、8 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.65 on Artificial Turf Surfaces and Systems.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2015. Published January 2015. DOI: 10.1520/F3102-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.
15、org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1system is co
16、nsidered to be out of compliance and in need ofremedial action to bring all test points below the designatedlimit, as confirmed by subsequent testing.5.2 In addition to establishing the g-max requirement dis-cussed above, Section 6 of Specification F1936 gives owners,architects, engineers and other
17、specifiers the latitude to estab-lish more stringent requirements. Many do. These alternaterequirements typically take one of three forms: lower maxi-mum limits, ranges of acceptable values (maximum andminimum limits), and time-phased requirements.5.2.1 Impact attenuation requirements for individual
18、 proj-ects are often set at levels below the limit-value established inSpecification F1936. Alternate requirements are set at thediscretion of the specifier.5.2.2 Some specifications establish both maximum andminimum g-max requirements. Some justifications for a mini-mum requirement are based on a c
19、oncern that low g-maxvalues affect safety and playability by rendering the surface too“soft.” Impact attenuation does not contribute to the “hardness”or “softness” of a surface; but may be influenced by it. It isgenerally correct to say that fields that are perceived as “soft”will have low g-max val
20、ues; but it is not correct to say that allfields with low g-max values can be characterized as “soft.” Inmany cases, especially where shock-pads are used, g-maxreadings can be quite low, but the field will not feel at all “soft”to the player.5.2.3 There is a general expectation that impact attenuati
21、onwill change over time. Typically, g-max values will increase asa turf system ages.Accordingly, some specifications are writtento require different levels of impact attenuation at differentpoints in the life-cycle of the system; lower maximums at theoutset, gradually increasing to a fixed maximum a
22、t some pointin the future.NOTE 1Some specifications and contracts are written in such a waythat the impact attenuation requirement is applied to the overall average ofall the test points, as opposed to the reported value at each individual testpoint. This approach is inconsistent with the requiremen
23、ts of SpecificationF1936.6. Measuring Impact Attenuation6.1 Specification F1936 requires the use of a test device thatcomplies with Test Method F355, Procedure A. In very generalterms, the specified test apparatus consists of a guide tube, amissile that is dropped through the guide tube onto the sur
24、facebeing tested, and instrumentation that senses, records, analyzesand displays the accelerations experienced during the course ofeach missile impact. The missile weighs 20 lbs. and has a flat,circular impacting face with a 20 in.2(129 cm2) surface area.The guide tube is designed to allow sufficien
25、t vertical fall forthe missile to achieve an impact velocity corresponding to atheoretical drop height of 24 in. (61 cm).6.2 There is currently no independent authority that certifiesan individual or a company as qualified to perform an impactattenuation test in accordance with Specification F1936.T
26、ypically, training in the operation and maintenance of the testequipment is provided by the manufacturer. The manufacturermay also provide training relative to the procedures forconducting an impact attenuation test.6.2.1 In selecting a company or an individual to provideindependent, third-party tes
27、ting services, it is prudent torequest references and a sample of a completed test report. It isalso advisable to be sufficiently familiar with the requirementsof Specification F1936 to independently assess a prospectslevel of knowledge and experience. (Copies of SpecificationF1936 may be purchased
28、from ASTM International. SeeAppendix X1.)6.3 Ultimately, the owner of a field is responsible forensuring that testing is done at times and intervals that areconsistent with their duty of care to provide safe facilities. Inlarge measure, the appropriate frequency will be influenced bythe types of act
29、ivities on the field, their intensity, and how oftenthey occur. There is no generally accepted formula for deter-mining the appropriate interval between tests, but there is ageneral consensus that the frequency should not be less thanonce a year. Other considerations related to testing frequencyincl
30、ude:6.3.1 If the specifications for a synthetic turf system includea g-max performance requirement, the turf system should betested prior to acceptance and use.6.3.2 If the warranty for a synthetic turf system includes ag-max performance requirement, the turf system should betested well before the w
31、arranty expires.6.3.3 If a synthetic turf system cannot be tested annually, itis suggested that the frequency of testing be increased in thelater stages of the systems life-cycle. This is the time when thesystem is more likely to demonstrate poor g-max performance.NOTE 2Some specifications and contr
32、acts for synthetic turf systemsinclude a requirement for the manufacturer, installer or general contractorto submit independently prepared impact attenuation reports, often on anannual basis, while the turf system is under warranty.6.4 Specification F1936 specifies that a minimum of tenpoints must b
33、e tested. It also provides the flexibility to increasethe number of test points in response to requests from theperson commissioning the test, or as warranted by specialcircumstances. It should be noted that there may be extra costsassociated with evaluating additional test points.7. Key Test Result
34、s7.1 When assessing g-max performance, it is important tolook at the reported g-max value for each individual test point.If one or more of the reported values fails to meet therequirement in Specification F1936, the field does not pass (see5.1).7.1.1 It is also important to assess the consistency of
35、 theresults from one test point to the next. Significant variabilitymay indicate the potential for problems to exist, even if noneare specifically identified by the test.7.2 If the synthetic turf system includes an infill component,the amount of infill reported at each test point should also bescrut
36、inized. Low infill levels can contribute to higher g-maxvalues.7.2.1 If infill levels vary significantly there is a greaterchance that low infill levels may contribute to poor impactattenuation somewhere on the field.F3102 1528. Designing for Impact Attenuation8.1 The inherent impact attenuation of
37、a synthetic turfplaying system, and the ability to manage impact attenuationduring the life of the system are functions of the turf systemsdesign.8.1.1 A synthetic turf playing system consists of manydiscrete components. These components may include: thesub-base, underlays such as shock pads and dra
38、in mats, the turfcarpet, and infill material(s). Each installed component con-tributes to the impact attenuation of the turf system as a whole.8.1.2 Effective design decisions will be based on an accurateestimate of the amount of use the turf system will receive. Thisestimate should encompass expect
39、ed hours of use, the typesand frequencies of planned activities, and a profile of theanticipated user-base.8.1.3 Decisions regarding the selection of components, suchas whether or not to install a shock pad, should includeconsideration of the components effect on impact attenuation.9. Managing Usage
40、9.1 The intensity with which a synthetic turf system isusedthe hours of use, the numbers of users, and the charac-teristics of specific activitiesmay significantly affect impactattenuation. With respect to managing usage, the focus shouldbe on controlling usage to keep it consistent with the levelsa
41、nticipated when the field was designed. If actual use mirrorsexpected use, it is much easier to successfully manage impactattenuation.9.2 Steps that can be taken to control usage include:securing the field to limit unauthorized access; establishingrules for users to protect the turf; and enforcing p
42、ractices thatminimize wear such as moving goals and shifting practiceareas so that high-intensity activity isnt concentrated in thesame spots, day after day.10. Managing Maintenance10.1 Differences in the design and installation of varioussynthetic turf systems, and differences in the types and inte
43、n-sities of the activities on them, suggest that there will bedifferences in the types, intensity and frequency of the main-tenance operations needed to keep them safe, playable andaesthetically attractive. It is important that the maintenanceprogram for a given field be matched to the activity on t
44、hefield. And, whatever maintenance program is followed, it isalso important that it comply with requirements established bythe manufacturer. Failure to do so can result in a voidedwarranty.10.1.1 Keeping a maintenance log is desirable. Havingdocumentation of what was done and when it was done can be
45、very helpful if warranty issues arise.10.2 It should also be noted that maintenance activities canbe a source of wear on the turf surface. The aggressiveness andfrequency of various maintenance activities should be moni-tored and managed to balance the benefits of regular mainte-nance against the ad
46、ditional wear the maintenance may create.11. Keywords11.1 average g-max; drop test; field testing; g-max; impact;impact attenuation; infilled synthetic turf; infill levels; pileheight; reported g-max; shock absorbing; shock-pad; syntheticturf playing system; test point; turf carpet; turf maintenance
47、;turf system; underlaysAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. ADDITIONAL RESOURCESX1.1 Organizations:ASTM International100 Barr Harbor DrivePO Box C700West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959Phone: (610) 832-9585www.astm.orgSports Turf Managers Association805 New Hampshire, Suite ELawrence, KS 66044Phone: (8
48、00) 323-3875www.stma.orgCenter for Sports Surface ResearchCollege of Agricultural SciencesPenn State Universityplantscience.psu.edu/research/ centers/ssrcAmerican Sports Builders Association8480 Baltimore National Pike #307Ellicot City, MD 21043Phone: (866) 501-2722www.sportsbuilders.orgSynthetic Tu
49、rf Council400 Galleria Parkway, Suite 1500Atlanta, GA 30339Phone: (678) 385-6720www.syntheticturfcouncil.orgCenter for Athletic Field SafetyUniversity of Tennessee2431 Joe Johnson DriveKnoxville, TN 37996-4561www.turf.tennessee.eduF3102 153X1.2 Publications and Other Resources:Synthetic Turf Sports FieldsA Construction and Mainte-nance Manual, Available from American Sports BuildersAssociationNote: The discussion of g-max testing in Chapter 3 of the2006 edition of this publication (pages 42 and 43) contains anumber of errors relative to its assertions regarding Spec
