1、Designation: F3248 17Standard Test Method forDetermining Vertical Deformation and Area Deflection ofArea Elastic, Point Elastic, Combined Elastic and MixedElastic Sport and Dance Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3248; the number immediately following the designation indi
2、cates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis standard provides the methods to meas
3、ure the deflective properties of a sports surface. Thesedeflective properties provide estimates on the stability and comfort from a sport surface. Verticaldeformation is a property that provides a quick and cost-effective means of estimating the stability thata sport surface provides during lower ex
4、tremity loading. Area deflection is a property that provides aquick and cost-effective estimate of the vibration properties of a sports surface. Area deflection testingis limited to area elastic, combination elastic, and mixed elastic flooring systems. It is not applicableto natural turf, synthetic
5、turf, or playground surfaces.1. Scope1.1 This method covers the quantitative measurement andnormalization of deflections generated within a sports surfaceas an indication of the stability and comfort provided by thesystem.1.2 Vertical deformation provides a measure for the verticalmotion generated w
6、ithin the sports surface system directlybelow the point of impact which has been normalized to astandard impact force.1.3 Area deflection provides a measure of the vibrationsgenerated during an impact and their strength at a pre-determined distance from the point of impact.1.4 This method is not app
7、licable to natural turf, syntheticturf or playground safety surfaces.1.5 This method is applicable to indoor and outdoor sur-faces including but not limited to: wood and synthetic courts,walk/jog/run tracks, tennis courts, dance surfaces, aerobics andgeneral fitness surfaces.1.6 The methods describe
8、d are applicable in both laboratoryand field settings.1.7 Area deflection testing is optional, and only applicableto area-elastic, combined elastic and mixed elastic sportsurfaces. These include wood surfaces, synthetic surfaces on asprung wood subfloor, and point elastic surfaces with aninternal ar
9、ea elastic component.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. Units provided in parenthesis are informational only.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to
10、 establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Prin
11、ciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2569 Test Method for Evaluating the Force ReductionProperties of Surfaces for Athletic Use2.
12、2 Other Standards:EN 14809 Surfaces for sports areas Determination ofvertical deformationDIN 18032-2 Halls for Gymnastics, Games and Multipur-pose Use, Part 2: Sports Floors Requirements, Testing1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, a
13、nd Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.52 on Miscellaneous Playing Surfaces.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published January 2018. DOI: 10.1520/F3248-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service
14、astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with
15、 internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1MFMA PURTMStandard Performance and Uniform
16、ity Rat-ing: Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association, Inc.FIBA Official Basketball Rules 20155 International Basket-ball Federation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 area deflection, ndownward vertical displacement agiven distance (100 mm or 500 mm) from the cent
17、er point ofan impacted area expressed as a percent of the displacementproduced at the center of the impacted area.3.1.2 area elastic sport surface, nsports surface of whicha relatively large area around the point of an applied force isdeflected (such as a wood floor).3.1.3 combination elastic sports
18、 surface, nsport surfacewith a point-elastic top layer over an area elastic subfloorwhich responds with both point and area elastic deflectionsunder a point load (such as a padded urethane system over awood subfloor system).3.1.4 mixed elastic sport surface, npoint elastic systemwith an area-stiffen
19、ing component (such as a vinyl surface overa thin steel sheet over a foam underlayment).3.1.5 point elastic sports surface, nsports surface ofwhich only the area directly beneath, or very near, the point ofan applied force is deflected (such as a pad and pour, pouredurethane or vinyl).3.1.6 vertical
20、 deformation, nnormalized displacement atthe center of an impact point representing the downwarddisplacement produced by a 1500 N vertical load.4. Significance and Use4.1 The dynamic interaction between the athlete and thesurface is significant to the performance and comfort of theathlete. Therefore
21、, the ability of the surface to deform underload is important. Too high a vertical deformation can affect theathlete through instability of the foot. Area elastic and combi-nation elastic floors may be further characterized by evaluatingthe area deflection properties of the surface. Floors with lowa
22、rea deflection levels prevent or remove vibrations throughdamping mechanisms or design components.4.2 Vertical deformation is a widely used and recognizedproperty of sports surfaces. Governing bodies, tradeassociations, and a number of international standards recognizethe significance of vertical de
23、formation. A partial list of theseorganizations includes: FIBA, MFMA,ASTM, EN. Even FIFAutilizes a variation of this property. Area deflection is stillcommonly specified within North America and one governingbody (FIBA) and one trade association (MFMA) currently usethis property to certify systems w
24、ithin the required testing fortheir performance programs.4.3 Vertical deformation and area deflection testing areperformed with a Stuttgart Artificial Athlete (SAA) which canbe created by slightly modifying the BAA (Berlin ArtificialAthlete) from Test Method F2569. Laboratory experiments areto be co
25、nducted at the standard 23 6 2C (72 6 4F), but testsat additional temperatures may be performed at the request ofthe client. When evaluating the deflective properties of sportssurfaces in the field, testing is to be conducted at the ambienttemperature. Deviations from the standard temperature maycau
26、se significantly different performance levels.5. Apparatus5.1 This standard utilizes the SAA (Stuttgart ArtificialAthlete). The SAA can be created by making the followingmodifications to the BAA (Berlin Artificial Athlete) describedwithin Section 6 of Test Method F2569. The modified SAA isshown in F
27、ig. 1.5.2 Modifications to BAA described in Test Method F2569:5.2.1 The spring in subsection 6.1.1.3 of Test Method F2569shall be replaced with one with a spring rate 40 6 1.5 kN/m(228 6 8.6 lb/in.), an outside diameter of 70.0 6 0.1 mm (2.756 0.004 in.), a free length of 75 6 10 mm (3.95 6 0.39 in.
28、).5.2.2 The test foot described in subsection 6.1.1.6 of TestMethod F2569 must include horizontal projections that extenda minimum of 135 mm (5.3 in.) out from the central fall axisof the drop mass.5.2.3 The mass of the test foot assembly, which includesforce sensor, the spring, both spring end caps
29、, shall be 3.5 60.35 kg (7.72 6 0.77 lb). It is possible to design one test footthat meets the requirements of Test Method F2569 and thisstandard.5.3 Additional Requirements:5.3.1 A separate stand that holds the linear position sensorsused to measure the deflection of the sports surface must beutili
30、zed. This stand shall have a length of 2.25 6 0.1 m (7.4 60.33 ft) and each end of the stand shall be positioned aminimum of 1.0 m (39 in.) from the falling weight axis. Thestand can be made such that it breaks down into shorter piecesfor transport. Segments shall be constructed so that they forma r
31、igid beam when re-assembled. The beam shall be made suchthat area deformation can be measured at 2 different distancesfrom the point of impact, 500 and 100 mm away from theimpact point.5.3.2 Two electronic displacement sensors are required tomeasure the vertical deformation. Area deflection may beme
32、asured using only two displacement sensors but it requiresrotating the sensors through the three different positions neededto calculate area deflection in all 4 directions around the impactpoint. The preferred method of measuring involves the use of4 displacement sensors and allows all of the data n
33、eeded tocomputer area deflection to be computed using data from thesame impact. All displacement sensors shall have range of atleast 612 mm (0.39 to 0.5 in.) and an accuracy no larger than0.05 mm (0.002 in.). Position Sensors are mounted on the standdescribed in 5.3.1. Sensors should interface with
34、a dataacquisition system with at least 12 bits of resolution, creatinga resolution of 0.001 mm (0.0004 in.) or smaller. All displace-ment sensors shall be recorded at 2 kHz or twice the upperfrequency response of the amplifier/filter system preceding thedigital system, whichever is greater.5.3.2.1 W
35、hen measuring vertical deformation, the displace-ment sensors shall be mounted such that they contact thehorizontal projections from 5.2.2, and must be mounted lessthan 125 mm from the falling weight vertical axis, as shown inFig. 2.F3248 1725.3.2.2 When measuring area deflection, the displacementse
36、nsors shall be mounted with the appropriate distance of 100mm forw100 and 500 mm forw500 to the falling weight axisdepending on the surface being tested and the instructions fromthe client. They shall be mounted such that they contact thesports surface and that the two contact points form a 90 angle
37、with each other through the vertical axis of the falling weight.5.3.3 One force sensor with a full scale of 6000 N (1348 lb)and a resolution of greater than 12 bits, or any combination thatresults in a resolution of 1.46 N (0.33 lb) or less.1 = Guide/rods2 = Lifting/release3 = Drop Weight4 = Striker
38、5 = LVDT Support Beam6 = Test Foot (includes load cell, spring, tube, deflection plate)FIG. 1 Vertical Deformation Test Apparatus Front ViewFIG. 2 Position of Linear Displacement Sensors on Horizontal ProjectionsF3248 1735.3.4 The SAA must be designed to generate a releaseheight of at least 120 6 0.
39、25 mm (4.72 6 0.0098 in.).Recording equipment shall be capable of storing data from allsensors for at least 0.15 s and to calculate data or displayreadings.5.3.5 All position sensors (pick-ups) should be zeroed withthe weight suspended from the electromagnet.5.3.6 All sensors shall be recorded at 2
40、kHz or twice theupper frequency response of the amplifier/filter system preced-ing the digital system, whichever is greater. The signal from allsensors shall be filtered with a low-pass filter having a 2ndorder Butterworth characteristic with a 3 dB frequency of 120Hz. Filtration may be implemented
41、in hardware or software.The response of the system at any given frequency shall bewithin 6 0.5 dB of the expected response, calculated on thebasis of the Butterworth function. All sensors must have anuncertainty no greater than 62%.5.3.7 The test program, or software, must be able to storeand record
42、 the maximum force and deflections generatedduring the first impact, or approximately 0.2 s of data.6. Testing Conditions6.1 Laboratory Conditions:6.1.1 TemperatureTesting performed in the lab shall beconducted at 23 6 2C (72 6 4F). Testing at additionaltemperatures can be evaluated at the request o
43、f the client.6.1.2 Relative HumidityThe relative humidity of the labshall be between 35 and 55 %.6.2 Sample Conditioning:6.2.1 Synthetic samples shall be conditioned to the labora-tory environment for a minimum of 24 h.6.2.2 Wood samples, or the components themselves (such asstrip flooring, plywood,
44、 and sleepers) shall be conditioned tothe laboratory environment for a minimum of 48 h. Onceconstructed wood samples must be monitored to ensure thatthey have not expanded or contracted so as to form a hump inthe system, or loose boards within the playing surface.6.3 Laboratory Sample SizesStandards
45、 that reference thismethod shall ensure that the sample size is sufficiently largeand that test points are sufficiently far from the edge of thesample that edge effects are prevented from altering theoutcome of the results. General recommendations are at least 1by 1 m (29 by 39 in.) for point elasti
46、c systems, and at least 3.5by 3.5 m for area, mixed, and combination elastic systems.6.4 On Site Testing:6.4.1 Tests on site shall be carried out at the ambienttemperature and humidity conditions present. These valuesshall be measured 0.8 6 0.1 m (31 6 4 in.) above the playingsurface, and they shall
47、 be recorded and reported. Somematerials produce significantly different results for seeminglyminor temperature changes.6.4.2 The temperature of the surface shall be recorded usinga temperature sensor, such as an Infrared temperature sensor.6.4.2.1 There may be times when it is appropriate to record
48、the internal temperature. Most indoor systems will not allowthis without damaging the surface. Some systems such as aresilient track will allow internal temperature measurements tobe made without damaging the surfaces.6.4.2.2 Record the ambient temperature, the temperature ofthe surface, the interna
49、l temperature (if recorded) and thelocation that the measurements were made, either surface orinternal.7. Test Method7.1 General Test MethodsLocate, identify and documentall test points.7.1.1 Be no closer than 150 mm (6 in.) to another test point.7.2 Vertical Deformation:7.2.1 Description:7.2.1.1 Vertical Deflection results are reported in units ofmillimeters, and represent the magnitude of the negativevertical deformation of the point of impact under a 1500 N(337 lb) impact.7.2.1.2 This test is performed with a Stuttgart ArtificialAthlete (SAA). A modified vers
