1、Designation: G148 97 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Practice forEvaluation of Hydrogen Uptake, Permeation, and Transportin Metals by an Electrochemical Technique1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice gives a procedure for the evaluation ofhydrogen uptake, perm
3、eation, and transport in metals using anelectrochemical technique which was developed by Devana-than and Stachurski.2While this practice is primarily intendedfor laboratory use, such measurements have been conducted infield or plant applications. Therefore, with proper adaptations,this practice can
4、also be applied to such situations.1.2 This practice describes calculation of an effective diffu-sivity of hydrogen atoms in a metal and for distinguishingreversible and irreversible trapping.1.3 This practice specifies the method for evaluating hydro-gen uptake in metals based on the steady-state h
5、ydrogen flux.1.4 This practice gives guidance on preparation ofspecimens, control and monitoring of the environmentalvariables, test procedures, and possible analyses of results.1.5 This practice can be applied in principle to all metalsand alloys which have a high solubility for hydrogen, and forwh
6、ich the hydrogen permeation is measurable. This methodcan be used to rank the relative aggressivity of differentenvironments in terms of the hydrogen uptake of the exposedmetal.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsi
7、bility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-izatio
8、n established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3G96 Guide for Online Monitoring of Corrosion in PlantEqu
9、ipment (Electrical and Electrochemical Methods)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 charging, nmethod of introducing atomic hydrogeninto the metal by galvanostatic charging (constant chargingcurrent), potentiostatic charging (constant electrode potential),free corrosion, or gaseous exposure.3.1.2 cha
10、rging cell, ncompartment in which hydrogenatoms are generated on the specimen surface. This includesboth aqueous and gaseous charging.3.1.3 decay current, ndecay of the hydrogen atom oxida-tion current due to a decrease in charging current.3.1.4 Ficks second law, nsecond order differential equa-tion
11、 describing the concentration of diffusing specie as afunction of position and time. The equation is of the formCx,t!/t5/xD1/xCx,t!# for lattice diffusion in one di-mension where diffusivity is independent of concentration. See3.2 for symbols.3.1.5 hydrogen flux, nthe amount of hydrogen passingthrou
12、gh the metal specimen per unit area as a function of time.The units are typically concentration per unit area per unittime.3.1.6 hydrogen uptake, nthe concentration of hydrogenabsorbed into the metal (for example, g/cm3or mol/cm3).3.1.7 irreversible trap, nmicrostructural site at which ahydrogen ato
13、m has a infinite or extremely long residence timecompared to the time-scale for permeation testing at therelevant temperature, as a result of a binding energy which islarge relative to the migration energy for diffusion.3.1.8 mobile hydrogen atoms, nhydrogen atoms that areassociated with sites withi
14、n the lattice.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosionof Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.11 on Electrochemi-cal Measurements in Corrosion Testing.Current edition approved May 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Last previousedition approved in
15、 2011 as G148 97 (2011). DOI:10.1520/G0148-97R18.2Devanathan, M.A.V., and Stachurski, Z., Proceedings of Royal Society, A270,90102, 1962.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume i
16、nformation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardi
17、zation established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.9 oxidation cell, ncompartment in which hydrogenatoms exiting from the metal specimen are
18、 oxidized.3.1.10 permeation current, ncurrent measured in oxida-tion cell associated with oxidation of hydrogen atoms.3.1.11 permeation transient, nthe increase of the perme-ation current with time from commencement of charging to theattainment of steady state, or modification of charging condi-tion
19、s (that is, rise transient). The decrease of the permeationcurrent with time resulting from a decrease in charging current(that is, decay transient).3.1.12 recombination poison, nchemical specie presentwithin the test environment in the charging cell which en-hances hydrogen absorption by retarding
20、the recombination ofhydrogen atoms adsorbed onto the metal surface into hydrogengas.3.1.13 reversible trap, nmicrostructural site at which ahydrogen atom has a residence time which is greater than thatfor the lattice site but is small in relation to the time to attainsteady-state permeation, as a re
21、sult of low binding energy.3.2 Symbols:3.2.1 For the purposes of this practice the following sym-bols apply:A = exposed area of specimen in the oxidation cell(cm2)C(x,t) = lattice concentration of hydrogen as a function ofposition and time (mol/cm3)C0= sub-surface concentration of atomic hydrogen at
22、the charging side of the specimen (mol/cm3)Deff= effective diffusivity of atomic hydrogen, takinginto account the presence of reversible and irre-versible trapping (cm2/s)Dl= lattice diffusion coefficient of atomic hydrogen(cm2/s)F = faradays constant (9.6485 104coulombs/mol)I(t) = time dependent at
23、omic hydrogen permeation cur-rent (A)Iss= steady-state atomic hydrogen permeation current(A)J(t) = time-dependent atomic hydrogen permeation fluxas measured on the oxidation side of the specimen(mol/s/cm2)Jss= atomic hydrogen permeation flux at steady-state(mol/s/cm2)J(t)/Jss= normalized flux of ato
24、mic hydrogenL = specimen thickness (cm)t = time elapsed from commencement of hydrogencharging (s)tb= elapsed time measured extrapolating the linearportion of the rising permeation current transient toJ(t) =O(s)tlag= time to achieve a value of J(t)/Jss= 0.63 (s)x = distance into specimen from the cha
25、rging surfacemeasured in the thickness direction (cm2). = normalized time (D1t/L2)lag= Normalized time to achieve a value of j(t)/Jss=0.63 (s)4. Summary of Practice4.1 The technique involves locating the metal membrane(that is, specimen) of interest between the hydrogen chargingand oxidation cells.
26、In the laboratory, the charging cell containsthe environment of interest. Hydrogen atoms are generated onthe membrane surface exposed to this environment. In field orplant measurements, the wall of the pipe or vessel can be usedas the membrane through which measurement of hydrogen fluxare made. The
27、actual process environment is on the chargingside of the membrane which eliminates the need for a chargingcell. See 7.1 for guidance on various specimen configurations.4.2 In gaseous environments, the hydrogen atoms are gen-erated by adsorption and dissociation of the gaseous species. Inaqueous envi
28、ronments, hydrogen atoms are produced by elec-trochemical reactions. In both cases, some of the hydrogenatoms diffuse through the membrane and are then oxidized onexiting from the other side of the metal in the oxidation cell.4.3 The conditions (for example, environment and theelectrode potential) o
29、n the oxidation side of the membrane arecontrolled so that the metal surface is either passive or immuneto corrosion. The background current established under theseconditions prior to hydrogen transport should be relativelyconstant and small compared to that of the hydrogen atomoxidation current.4.4
30、 The electrode potential of the specimen in the oxidationcell is controlled at a value sufficiently positive to ensure thatthe kinetics of oxidation of hydrogen atoms are limited by theflux of hydrogen atoms, that is, the oxidation current density isdiffusion limited.4.5 The total oxidation current
31、is monitored as a function oftime. The total oxidation current comprises the backgroundcurrent and the current resulting from oxidation of hydrogenatoms. The latter is the permeation current.4.6 The thickness of the specimen is selected usually toensure that the measured flux reflects volume (bulk)
32、controlledhydrogen atom transport. Thin specimens may be used forevaluation of the effect of surface processes on hydrogen entryor exit (absorption kinetics or transport in oxide films).4.7 In reasonably pure, defect-free metals (for example,single crystals) with a sufficiently low density of micros
33、truc-tural trap sites, atomic hydrogen transport through the materialis controlled by lattice diffusion.4.8 Alloying and microstructural features such asdislocations, grain boundaries, inclusions, and precipitate par-ticles may act as trap sites for hydrogen thus delaying hydrogentransport. These tr
34、aps may be reversible or irreversible depend-ing on the binding energy associated with the particular trapsites compared to the energy associated with migration forhydrogen in the metal lattice.4.9 The rate of hydrogen atom transport through the metalduring the first permeation may be affected by bo
35、th irreversibleand reversible trapping as well as by the reduction of anyoxides present on the charging surface.At steady state all of theirreversible traps are occupied. If the mobile hydrogen atomsare then removed and a subsequent permeation test conductedG148 97 (2018)2on the specimen the differe
36、nce between the first and secondpermeation transients can be used to evaluate the influence ofirreversible trapping on transport, assuming a negligible role ofoxide reduction.4.10 For some environments, the conditions on the chargingside of the specimen may be suitably altered to induce a decayof th
37、e oxidation current after attainment of steady state. Therate of decay will be determined by diffusion and reversibletrapping only and, hence, can also be used to evaluate the effectof irreversible trapping on transport during the first transient.4.11 Comparison of repeated permeation transients wit
38、hthose obtained for the pure metal can be used in principle toevaluate the effect of reversible trapping on atomic hydrogentransport.4.12 This practice is suitable for systems in which hydrogenatoms are generated uniformly over the charging surface of themembrane. It is not usually applicable for ev
39、aluation ofcorroding systems in which pitting attack occurs unless thecharging cell environment is designed to simulate the localizedpit environment and the entire metal charging surface is active.4.13 This practice can be used for stressed and unstressedspecimens but testing of stressed specimens r
40、equires consider-ation of loading procedures.5. Significance and Use5.1 The procedures described, herein, can be used to evalu-ate the severity of hydrogen charging of a material produced byexposure to corrosive environments or by cathodic polariza-tion. It can also be used to determine fundamental
41、properties ofmaterials in terms of hydrogen diffusion (for example, diffu-sivity of hydrogen) and the effects of metallurgical, processing,and environmental variables on diffusion of hydrogen inmetals.5.2 The data obtained from hydrogen permeation tests canbe combined with other tests related to hyd
42、rogen embrittlementor hydrogen induced cracking to ascertain critical levels ofhydrogen flux or hydrogen content in the material for crackingto occur.6. Apparatus6.1 The experimental set-up shall consist of a separatecharging and oxidation cell of a form similar to Fig. 1. Sealedoxidation cells, in
43、which an additional material (usuallypalladium), either plated or sputter deposited onto or clampedagainst the specimen and the flux exiting this additionalmaterial is measured may be used provided that it is demon-strated that the introduction of this additional interface has noeffect on the calcul
44、ated diffusivity. The clamping of thisadditional material may provide inaccurate permeation currentsin some systems due to the barrier effect at the interface (thatis, oxides, air gaps and so forth will act as a diffusion barrier).6.2 Non-metallic materials which are inert to the test envi-ronment s
45、hould be used for cell construction.6.2.1 At temperatures above 50C, leaching from the cellmaterial (for example, silica dissolution from glass in someenvironments) can modify the solution chemistry and mayinfluence hydrogen permeation.6.2.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is an example of amaterial
46、suitable for elevated temperatures up to about 90C.6.2.3 Where metallic chambers are necessary (for contain-ment of high pressure environments), the materials chosenshall have a very low passive current to ensure minimal effecton the solution composition and shall be electrically isolatedfrom the me
47、mbrane.6.3 The O-ring seal material should be selected to minimizepossible degradation products from the seals and contamina-tion of the solution. This problem is particularly of concernwith highly aggressive environments and at high test tempera-tures.6.4 Double junction reference electrodes may be
48、 used wherenecessary to avoid contamination of test solutions. At elevatedtemperatures, the use of a solution conductivity bridge arrange-ment with suitable inert materials is recommended.6.5 The location of the reference electrode in each compart-ment shall ensure minimal potential drop between the
49、 speci-men and the reference electrode. A Luggin capillary may beuseful in cases where the solution resistivity is high, small cellvolumes are used and long tests are conducted. See Guide G96for further guidance.6.6 Recording of oxidation (and, as appropriate, charging)current shall be made using a standard resistor and a highinternal impedance digital voltmeter or by direct measurementusing a current monitoring device.6.7 The measurement devices should be traceable to na-tional standards and calibrated prior to testing.6.8 In some cases, stirring of
