1、Designation: G190 15Standard Guide forDeveloping and Selecting Wear Tests1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G190; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers general information for the develop-ment and selection of a wear test for an intended application.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards
3、:2D2266 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics ofLubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)D2670 Test Method for Measuring Wear Properties of FluidLubricants (Falex Pin and Vee Block Method)D2714 Test Method for Calibration and Operation of theFalex Block-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing Machin
4、eD3702 Test Method for Wear Rate and Coefficient of Fric-tion of Materials in Self-Lubricated Rubbing ContactUsing a Thrust Washer Testing MachineD3704 Test Method for Wear Preventive Properties of Lu-bricating Greases Using the (Falex) Block on Ring TestMachine in Oscillating MotionD4170 Test Metho
5、d for Fretting Wear Protection by Lubri-cating GreasesD4172 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics ofLubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method)F732 Test Method for Wear Testing of Polymeric MaterialsUsed in Total Joint ProsthesesG32 Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using VibratoryApparatusG40 T
6、erminology Relating to Wear and ErosionG56 Test Method for Abrasiveness of Ink-Impregnated Fab-ric Printer Ribbons and Other Web MaterialsG65 Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the DrySand/Rubber Wheel ApparatusG73 Test Method for Liquid Impingement Erosion UsingRotating ApparatusG75 Test Meth
7、od for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity(Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Mate-rials (SAR Number)G76 Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by SolidParticle Impingement Using Gas JetsG77 Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials toSliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear TestG81
8、Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion TestG83 Test Method for Wear Testing with a Crossed-CylinderApparatus (Withdrawn 2005)3G98 Test Method for Galling Resistance of MaterialsG99 Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-DiskApparatusG105 Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber WheelAbra
9、sion TestsG117 Guide for Calculating and Reporting Measures ofPrecision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Ero-sion TestsG118 Guide for Recommended Format of Wear Test DataSuitable for DatabasesG119 Guide for Determining Synergism Between Wear andCorrosionG132 Test Method for Pin Abrasion Testi
10、ngG133 Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-FlatSliding WearG134 Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by Cavi-tating Liquid JetG137 Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Plastic Mate-rials to Sliding Wear Using a Block-On-Ring Configura-tionG163 Guide for Digital Data Acquisition in
11、Wear andFriction MeasurementsG171 Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Usinga Diamond StylusG174 Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance ofMaterials by Abrasive Loop ContactG176 Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Plastics toSliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear TestCumulative Wear
12、MethodG181 Test Method for Conducting Friction Tests of PistonRing and Cylinder Liner Materials Under LubricatedConditions1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear andErosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.20 on Data Acquisi-tion in Tribosystems.Curren
13、t edition approved May 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originallyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as G190 06 which waswithdrawn January 2015 and reinstated in May 2015. DOI: 10.1520/G0190-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus
14、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
15、 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 See Terminology G40 for terms used in this guide.3.1.2 weardamage to a solid surface, generally involvingprogressive loss of material, due to relative motion betweenthat surface and a contacting substance or substan
16、ces.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 wear testany test for the determination of wearcharacteristics of materials.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide describes the generic elements that need tobe considered in the selection and development of a wear testfor it to be relevant to
17、an application. General recommenda-tions and considerations regarding these elements and theirsignificance in the process of selecting and developing a weartest are provided. Variability to be expected with a well-controlled test is discussed as well as the correlation with anapplication.4.2 This gu
18、ide describes a general methodology for theimplementation of a wear test. This methodology comprisesthe elements of simulation, acceleration, apparatus design,specimen preparation, test protocol, measurement, and docu-mentation of results.5. Significance and Use5.1 The guidance and methodology provi
19、ded by this guideis applicable for any wear situation and is not limited tomaterial or lubrication. This guide is intended to providegeneral information and guidance regarding the selection anddevelopment of a wear test and does not provide specificsabout any one wear test or intended application. I
20、n general thevariability and correlation that is obtained with any wear test isdetermined by the degree to which the various elements of thewear test methodology described in this guide are followed.6. Elements of Method6.1 Wear behavior is a complex phenomenon, involving twoor more bodies, one or m
21、ore materials, and dependent on awide range of factors, such as motion, loading, and environ-ment. A material can wear by different mechanisms in differentsituations and different materials can wear by different mecha-nisms in the same wear situation. Wear of one surface or bodycan also be influence
22、d by the wear of the other contacting body.As a result, wear behavior, or simply wear, is best viewed as asystem property not a material property. The group of elementsthat affect wear behavior is referred to as a tribosystem.6.2 Because of this complex nature of wear, the primaryelement involved in
23、 the selection of a wear test for anapplication is the simulation of the tribosystem of the applica-tion in the wear test. Another element of the methodology forselecting a wear test is acceleration of wear results, which isrelated to the consideration of simulation. Apparatus design,specimen prepar
24、ation, test protocol, and measurement areadditional elements of this methodology. In addition to theirrelationships with the need for simulation, these further ele-ments are important in obtaining acceptable repeatability oftest results.6.3 Documentation of the result of a wear test is also anelemen
25、t of this methodology, and this is important for assess-ment and interpretation of the data obtained, as well as for thereporting of such data.6.4 Simulation:6.4.1 Simulation ensures that the behavior experienced inthe test is the same as in the application. Given the complexityof wear and the curre
26、nt incomplete understanding of wear andits phenomena, test development is subject to trial and errorand is dependent on the capability of the developer. Ideally, thetest would exactly duplicate a wear situation. However, thisgenerally is neither practical nor possible. Some differenceswill have to b
27、e accepted. While this is the case, any differencebetween the test and the intended application should beevaluated carefully to obtain relevant and useful wear data forthe application.6.4.2 The literature, prior data, and results of auxiliary orpreliminary tests are useful in assessing the possible
28、effects ofdifferences.6.4.3 The engineer concerned with reliability and life gen-erally requires precise simulation. However, the material de-veloper interested in a convenient test to rank the wearresistance of materials usually requires only that the testsimulates the general area of application.6
29、.4.4 Contact conditions, primarily, the motion, contactstress, wear agent, lubrication, and environment, generallyneed to be representative of the application for adequatesimulation.6.4.5 Wear test simulation does not require that an applica-tion be replicated to provide valid data, provided the ess
30、entialelements of a wear situation are replicated. For example, asliding wear test is used to evaluate the wear resistance ofmaterial used for print elements in mechanical printers. In thisapplication, the apparent key element is impact. Print elementwear, however, is caused by sliding abrasive acti
31、on that occursduring impact, which is simulated in a sliding test (see TestMethod G56). As another example, the configuration of thedry-sand rubber wheel test (see Test Method G65), useful inranking material wear situations involving dry abrasion, is nottypical of some situations to which the test i
32、s applied. In thetest, a rotating rubber wheel presses and rubs sand across theface of a specimen. A typical use of this test is to selectmaterials for farm tools operating in sandy soils, where dryabrasion often dominates the wear situation.6.4.6 Wear Scar Morphology and DebrisAlthough gen-eral kno
33、wledge and experience can aid in assessing thedifferences between test and application, correlations in wearbehavior between test and application should also be studied.The most helpful correlation in developing a test is comparisonof the worn surface and wear debris produced in the test tothose pro
34、duced in the application. The morphology of the scar,the presence or absence of oxidized or other surface layers,changes in the microstructure of the material, and wear debrissize, shape, and composition can be compared. If majorfeatures of the wear scar and debris are different, validG190 152simula
35、tion is unlikely. Wear mechanisms frequently result incharacteristic wear particles. Consequently, comparing weardebris can be very useful.6.4.7 Test Geometry:6.4.7.1 Selection of test geometry is another factor that mustbe considered when simulating wear conditions. For example,laboratory sliding c
36、ontact wear tests employ three generaltypes of contactpoint contacts (such as a sphere on a plane)for example, Test Methods G83 and G133, line contacts (suchas a cylinder on a flat), for example, Test Method G77, andconforming contacts (such as a flat on a flat), for example, TestMethods D3702 and G
37、75. In addition to simulation aspects,each of these geometries has advantages and disadvantages.Point-contact geometry eliminates alignment problems andallows wear to be studied from the start of the test. However,stress levels change as wear progresses, requiring more com-plex data analysis and com
38、parison techniques. Furthermore, inthe presence of a lubricant, point, line, and conformingcontacts will differ greatly with respect to viscosity andanti-wear additives.6.4.7.2 Because of the differences in stress behavior, a pointor line contact is more sensitive to stress-dependent wearmechanisms
39、than a conforming contact. For example, a pointor line contact results in a different relationship between wearand sliding distance when the wear is a function of stress,compared with when it is not, because the stress level changesas wear progresses. A conforming contact with constant stressdoes no
40、t show this response. Stress dependency of the linecontact lies between the point and conforming contact. Thedifferences in these geometries must be recognized to obtainthe required simulation.6.4.7.3 Conforming-contact tests generally allow the partsto “wear-in” to establish uniform and stable cont
41、act geometrybefore taking data. As a result, it is difficult to identify wear-inphenomena, because there is no continuous observation ofwear behavior. Consequently, it is difficult to differentiatesurface modifications from simple alignment improvements. Inaddition, for applications in which allowed
42、 wear is small, thewear-in period of these tests may be the most relevant portionof the test. However, conforming contact provides constantload and stress conditions once the parts are worn-in.6.5 Test AccelerationAcceleration in a test is desirable,since unaccelerated tests frequently are more cost
43、ly and timeconsuming. However, acceleration may threaten simulation bysignificantly altering or introducing different phenomena. Wearmechanisms generally have threshold acceleration values fortransition from mild to severe wear behavior. In addition,acceleration of such parameters as load or speed c
44、an emphasizeone wear mechanism over another, thus causing different wearbehavior. Nevertheless, most wear tests incorporate someelement of accelerationcontinuous operation, measurementof smaller quantities of wear, or higher loads, speeds, andtemperatures. All acceleration aspects associated with a
45、testneed to be evaluated in terms of their possible effect onsimulation and should focus on potential changes in wearmechanism.6.6 Apparatus Considerations, Specimen Preparation andTest Protocol:6.6.1 Apparatus design, specimen preparation, and test pro-tocol are important elements for precision and
46、 repeatability.Lack of attention to these areas cause unacceptable scatter inwear tests. However, when properly addressed, scatter cangenerally be reduced to acceptable levels for most engineeringapplication.6.6.2 In general, the test apparatus should be designed withenough ruggedness and precision
47、to provide repeatable andstable wear conditions.6.6.3 To reduce scatter in wear testing, a test should be builtaround uniform, consistent, and readily obtainable referencematerial. Periodic standard tests should monitor the conditionof the test rig, skill of the operator, and such factors as theinfl
48、uence of ambient environment, for example, room tempera-ture and humidity, effects. Examples of the use of a referencematerial in wear testing can be found in Test Methods D2714,G56, and G75.6.6.4 Generally, close simulation or replication exists intests that show good correlation to practice, and t
49、ight controlsare evident in tests that provide good repeatability and lowscatter. The ASTM wear test methods provide examples of thedetail and care that are necessary to obtain good repeatabilityand minimum scatter (see Test Methods D2266, D2670,D3704, D4170, D4172, F732, G32, G73, G76, G81, G98, G99,G105, G119, G132, G134, G137, G163, G171, G174, G176,and G181). The precision of the apparatus, specimenpreparation, conditions of the counterface and the abrasive(when appropriate) and details of wear measurement andreporting are discussed in each procedure.6.6.5 Specimen prepar
