1、ISO/ASTM 51538:2009(E)ISO/ASTM 51538 2017(E)Standard Practice forUse of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimetry System1This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51538; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedure for preparation, handling, testing, and use of procedure for using the ethanol-chlorobenzene (ECB) dosimetry system to determinemeasure absorbed dose (in terms of absorbed dose to water) in materialsirradiated by photons (gamma
3、 radiation or X-radiation/bremsstrahlung) or high energy electrons. to water when exposed toionizing radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the system willbe referred to as the ECB system. It The ECB dosimeter is classified as a refe
4、rence-standard dosimetry system and is also typeI dosimeter on the basis of the effect of influence quantities. The ECB dosimetry system may be used as a routine referencestandard dosimetry system (see ISO/ASTM Guideor as a 51261). routine dosimetry system.1.2 This document is one of a set of standa
5、rds that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiationprocessing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for the ECBsystem. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.1.3 This practice desc
6、ribes the mercurimetric titration analysis as a standard readout procedure for the ECB dosimeter whenused as a reference standard dosimetry system. Other readout methods (spectrophotometric, oscillometric) that are applicable whenthe ECB system is used as a routine dosimetry system are described in
7、Annex A1 and Annex A2Annex A1 and Annex A2.1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation, X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.1.5 This practice applies provided the following conditions are satisfied:1.5.1 The absorbed dose range is between 10 Gy and 2 MGy for gamma radiation a
8、nd between 10 Gy and 200 kGy for highcurrent electron accelerators (1, 2).2 (Warningthe boiling point of ethanol chlorobenzene solutions is approximately80C.80 C. Ampoules may explode if the temperature during irradiation exceeds the boiling point. This boiling point may beexceeded if an absorbed do
9、se greater than 200 kGy is given in a short period of time.)1.5.2 The absorbed-dose rate is less than 106 Gy s1(2).1.5.3 For radionuclide gamma-ray sources, the initial photon energy is greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung photons, theenergy of the electrons used to produce the bremsstrahlung ph
10、otons is equal to or greater than 2 MeV. For electron beams, the initialelectron energy is equal to or greater than 48 MeV (3). (see ICRU Reports 34 and 35).NOTE 1The same response relative to 60Co gamma radiation was obtained in high-power bremsstrahlung irradiation produced by a 5 MeV electronacce
11、lerator (4).NOTE 2The same response relative to 60Co gamma radiation was obtained in high-power bremsstrahlung irradiation produced by a 5 MeV electronaccelerator (4). The lower limits of energy givenlimits are appropriate for a cylindrical dosimeter ampoule of 12-mm diameter. Corrections for dosegr
12、adients across an ampoule of that diameter or less are not required. the ampoule may be required for electron beams. The ECB system may be usedat energies of incident electrons lower than 4 MeV lower energies by employing thinner (in the beam direction) dosimeters. dosimeters (see ICRU Report35). Th
13、e ECB system may also be used at X-ray energies as low as 120 kVp (5). However, in this range of photon energies the effect caused by theampoule wall is considerable.NOTE 3The effects of size and shape of the dosimeter on the response of the dosimeter can adequately be taken into account by performi
14、ng theappropriate calculations using cavity theory (6).1.5.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter is within the range from 40C to 80C.30 C to 80 C.NOTE 4The temperature dependence of dosimeter response is known only in this range (see 4.35.2). For use outside this range, the dosimetry system
15、should be calibrated for the required range of irradiation temperatures.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E61 on Radiation Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry Systems,and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.Current edi
16、tion approved June 18, 2008.April 25, 2017. Published June 2009.2017. Originally published as ASTM E1538-93. Last previous ASTM edition E153899.ASTM E153893 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO 15563:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51538:200951538:201
17、7(E) is a major revision of ISO/ASTM 51538:2002(E), which replaced ISO 15563.51538:2009(E). DOI:10.1520/ISOASTM51538-17.2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of this practice.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an AST
18、M standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published
19、by ASTM is to be considered the official document. ISO/ASTM International 2017 All rights reserved11.4 The effects of size and shape of the dosimeter on the response of the dosimeter can adequately be taken into account byperforming the appropriate calculations using cavity theory (6).1.6 This stand
20、ard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in
21、 1.5.1, 8.29.2 and 9.210.2.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organizati
22、on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C912 Practice for Designing a Process for Cleaning Technical GlassesD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterE170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and DosimetryE275 Practice for Describing and Measuri
23、ng Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible SpectrophotometersE666 Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose From Gamma or X RadiationE668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed Dose inRadiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic DevicesE925 Practice f
24、or Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidth does notExceed 2 nmE958 Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:351261 GuidePractice for Selection and Calibration of Routine Dos
25、imetry Systems for Radiation Processing51707 Guide for Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty in Dosimetry for Radiation Processing5140052628 Practice for Characterization and Performance of a High-Dose Gamma-Radiation Dosimetry Calibration Labora-toryDosimetry in Radiation Processing5170752701 Guide
26、 for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for Performance Characterization of Dosimeters and DosimetrySystems for Use in Radiation Processing2.3 ISO Standards:412749-4 Nuclear energy Vocabulary Part 4: Dosimetry for radiation processing2.4 ISO/IEC Standards:417025 General Requirements for the Compe
27、tence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories2.5 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM) Reports:JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995, with minor correctons Evaluation of measurement data Guide to the Expression of Uncertaintyin Measurement5JCGM 200:2012, (JCGM 200:2008 with minor revisions) VIM, Internat
28、ional Vocabulary of Metrology Basis and GeneralConcepts and Associated Terms62.6 International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) Reports:7ICRU Report 14 Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays and Gamma Rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 60 MeVICRU Report 17 Radiation Dosimetr
29、y: X-Rays Generated at Potentials of 5 to 150 kVICRU Report 34 The Dosimetry of Pulsed RadiationICRU Report 35 Radiation Dosimetry: Electrons with Initial Energies Between 1 and 50 MeVICRU Report 3780 Stopping Powers for Electrons and PositronsDosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation ProcessingICRU Re
30、port 6085a Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 approved laboratorylaboratory that is a recognized national metrology institute, or has been formally accredited toISO/IEC 17025, or has a quality system consistent with the requirements of ISO/IEC
31、17025.3 For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Bookof ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from International Organiza
32、tion for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland,http:/www.iso.org.5 Document produced by Working Group I of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM WG1). Available free of charge at the BIPM website(http:/www.bipm.o
33、rg).6 Document produced by Working Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM WG2). Available free of charge at the BIPM website(http:/www.bipm.org).7 Available from the Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.ISO/ASTM
34、51538:2017(E)2 ISO/ASTM International 2017 All rights reserved3.1.1.1 DiscussionA recognized national metrology institute or other calibration laboratory accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 should be used in order toensure traceability to a national or international standard. A calibration certificate provi
35、ded by a laboratory not having formalrecognition or accreditation will not necessarily be proof of traceability to a national or international standard.3.1.2 calibrationset of operations that establish, under specified conditions, which establishes the relationship between valuesindicated by a measu
36、ring instrument or measuring system, and the corresponding values realised by standards traceable to anationally or internationally recognized laboratory. or values represented by a material measure or a reference material, and thecorresponding values realised by standards.3.1.2.1 DiscussionCalibrat
37、ion conditions include environmental and irradiation conditions present during irradiation, storage and measurement of thedosimeters that are used for the generation of a calibration curve. To achieve stable environmental conditions, it may be necessaryto condition the dosimeters before performing t
38、he calibration procedure.3.1.3 calibration curvegraphical representation of the dosimetry systems response function.expression of the relationbetween indication and corresponding measured quantity value.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIn radiation processing standards, the term “dosimeter response” is generally u
39、sed for “indication”.3.1.4 dosimetry systemsystem used for determining absorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurement instruments andtheir associated reference standards, and procedures for the systems use.3.1.5 ethanol-chlorobenzene dosimeterpartly deoxygenated solution of chlorobenzene (CB)
40、in 96 volume % ethanol in anappropriate container, such as a flame-sealed glass ampoule, used to indicate absorbed dose by measurement of the amount of HClformed under irradiation.3.1.6 measurement management systemset of interrelated or interacting elements necessary to achieve metrologicalconfirma
41、tion and continual control of measurement processes.3.1.7 measurement quality assurance planmetrological traceabilitydocumented program for the measurement process thatensures that the expanded uncertainty consistently meets the requirements of the specific application.This plan requires traceabilit
42、yto nationally or internationally recognized standards. property of a measurement whereby the result can be related to a referencethrough a documented unbroken chain of comparisons, each contributing to the measurement uncertainty.3.1.8 molar linear absorption coeffcient mconstant relating the spect
43、rophotometric absorbance, A, of an optically absorbingmolecular species at a given wavelength, , per unit pathlength, d, to the molar concentration, c, of that species in solution:m 5 Ad 3c (1)m 5 Ad 3c (1)(SI unit: m2 mol1 )3.1.8.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes expressed in units of L mol1 cm1.3.1.9 ra
44、diation chemical yield G(x)quotient of n(x)n(x) by where n(x)n(x) is the mean amount of a specified entity, x,produced, destroyed, or changed by the mean energy, m imparted to the matter.Gx! 5nx!/ (2)(SI unit: mol J1)3.1.10 reference-standard dosimeterreference standard dosimetry systemdosimeter of
45、high metrological quality used as astandard to provide measurements traceable to measurements made using primary-standard dosimeters.dosimetry system,generally having the highest metrological quality available at a given location, from which measurements made there are derived.3.1.9 response functio
46、nmathematical representation of the relationship between dosimeter response and absorbed dose, for agiven dosimetry system.ISO/ASTM 51538:2017(E)3 ISO/ASTM International 2017 All rights reserved3.1.11 routine dosimeterdosimetry systemdosimeter dosimetry system calibrated against a primary-, referenc
47、e-, ortransfer-standard dosimeter reference standard dosimetry system and used for routine absorbed-dose measurements.measurements,including dose mapping and process monitoring.3.1.12 traceabilitytype 1 dosimeterproperty of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can berela
48、ted to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stateduncertainties.dosimeter of high metrological quality, the response of which is affected by individual influence quantities in awell-defined way that can be expressed in te
49、rms of independent correction factors.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 conductometryanalytical method based on the measurement of conductivity of solutions.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe conductivity of a solution depends on the concentration of free ions in the solution.3.2.2 oscillometryelectroanalytical method of conductivity measurements, when high-frequency (1 to 600 MHz) alternatingcurrent is applied to measure or follow changes in the composition of chemical systems.3.3 Definitions of
