1、Effects ofWeldingon Health, XII550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126Effects of Weldingon Health, XIIPrepared forAWS Safety and Health CommitteeResearch performed byBiomedical Toxicology AssociatesFrederick, MarylandWritten byWinifred G. Palmer, Ph.D.and James C. Eaton, P.E.AbstractThis literat
2、ure review, with 216 citations, was prepared under contract to the American Welding Society for its Safetyand Health Committee. The review deals with studies of the fumes, gases, radiation, and noise generated during variouswelding processes. Section 1 summarizes recent studies of occupational expos
3、ures, Section 2 contains informationrelated to the human health effects, and Section 3 discusses the effects of welding on animals and cell cultures.Key WordsWelding, health, cancer, disease, exposure, fumes, gases, literature review, metal fume fever, noise,radiation, toxicologyThis page is intenti
4、onally blank.International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-724-7American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2003 by American Welding Society. All rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaThis report is published as a service and convenience to the welding industry and
5、 is the product of an independent con-tractor (Biomedical Toxicology Associates) which is solely responsible for its contents. The materials in this report havenot been independently reviewed or verified and are offered only as information. AWS assumes no responsibility for anyclaim that may arise f
6、rom the use of this information. Users should make independent investigations to determine the appli-cability of this information for their purposes.iiiPersonnelAWS Safety and Health CommitteeS. R. Fiore, Chair Edison Welding InstituteD. E. Clark, 1st Vice Chair Idaho National Engineering and Enviro
7、nmental LaboratoryJ. D. Jennings, 2nd Vice Chair Miller Electric Manufacturing CompanyS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding SocietyM. S. Anderson Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationJ. M. Antonini National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthK. Bancroft Tiger Safety ConsultantsK
8、. L. Brown The Lincoln Electric CompanyC. W. Duffield U.S. Geological SurveyS. F. Kane Brookhaven National LaboratoryK. A. Lyttle Praxair, IncorporatedA. F. Manz A. F. Manz AssociatesA. A. Odermatt Hobart Brothers*O. J. Fisher Consultant*J. F. Hinrichs Friction Stir Link, Incorporated*M. T. Neu Cate
9、rpillar, Incorporated*R. J. Simonton U.S. Department of Energy*D. H. Sliney U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and PreventiveMedicine*R. J. Tucker Consultant*R. M. Tuggle U.S. Department of Energy*M. E. Wallace U.S. Public Health Service*AdvisorThis page is intentionally blank.vForeword(This Fore
10、word is not a part of Effects of Welding on Health, XII, but is included for informational purposes only.)This literature review was prepared for the Safety and Health Committee of the American Welding Society to providean assessment of current information concerning the effects of welding on health
11、, as well as to aid in the formulation anddesign of research projects in this area, as part of an on going program sponsored by the Committee. Previous workconsists of the reports Effects of Welding on Health I through XI each covering approximately 18 months to two years.Conclusions based on this r
12、eview and recommendations for further research are presented in the introductory portions ofthe report. Referenced materials are available from:Biomedical Toxicology Associates6184 Viewsite DriveFrederick, MD 21701(301) 662-0783This page is intentionally blank.viiGlossary*ACGIH American Conference o
13、f Governmental Industrial HygienistsBALF Bronchoalveolar lavage fluidCI Confidence IntervalCr(III) Trivalent chromiumCr(VI) Hexavalent chromiumELF Extremely low frequencyEMF Electromagnetic fieldFCAW Flux cored arc weldingGMAW Gas metal arc weldingGTAW Gas tungsten arc weldingIgA ImmunoglobulinAIgM
14、ImmunoglobulinMIL-1 Interleukin-1IL-4 Interleukin-4Leukocyte White blood cellMRI Magnetic resonance imagingn numbernm nanometerNIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthOR Odds ratioOSHA Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationPAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsPEL Permissible
15、 Exposure LimitPET Positron emission tomographyPMN Polymorphonuclear leukocytePMR* Proportional mortality ratioRR* Relative riskSIR* Standardized incidence ratioSCE Sister chromatid exchangeSMAW Shielded metal arc weldingSMR* Standardized mortality ratioTLV Threshold Limit ValueTNF Tumor necrosis fa
16、ctorTWA Time-weighted averagem micrometerg microgrammol micromole per literT microTeslaUV UltravioletZnO Zinc oxide*Abbreviations for commonly used pulmonary function tests and for epidemiological terminology used in this documentare found in Annex A and B, respectively. The appendices describe the
17、derivation of these terms and how they are used.This page is intentionally blank.ixAcknowledgmentsFunds for this project were provided by the American Welding Society.The American Welding Society gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the program by industry contributions.Supporting Organi
18、zationsESAB Welding and Cutting ProductsHobart Brothers CompanyPraxair, IncorporatedThe Lincoln Electric CompanyMany other organizations have also made contributions to support the ongoing program from May 1979 to the present.This page is intentionally blank.xiTable of ContentsPage No.Personnel iiiF
19、oreword vGlossaryviiAcknowledgments ixSupporting Organizations .ixIntroduction 1Executive Summary 3Technical Summary 11Section OneThe Exposure1. Analytical Methods .231.1 Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS)231.2 Aluminum .231.3 Chromium .232. Fume Composition 243. Workplace Exposur
20、es253.1 Particle Size 253.2 Sampling Procedures 273.3 Iron Oxide .273.4 Lead 283.5 Dioxins283.6 Ventilation 294. Thorium.295. Electromagnetic Radiation 316. Electromagnetic Fields327. Hygiene and Work Practices.337.1 Accident and Sick Leave Rates 337.2 Electrocutions .357.3 Forensic Diagnosis of Ele
21、ctrocution.367.4 Explosions.367.5 Burns.367.6 Exposure Estimation .367.7 Training.37Section TwoEffects of Welding on Human Health8. Respiratory Tract.388.1 Pulmonary Function388.2 Asthma 408.3 Chronic Bronchitis428.4 Magnetopneumography 428.5 Pneumoconiosis 438.6 Case Reports .45xiiPage No.9. Cancer
22、459.1 Cancer of the Respiratory Tract459.2 Nasal and Bladder Cancer.509.3 Cancer of the Mouth and Throat.519.4 Pancreatic Cancer .519.5 Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, Leukemia, and Multiple Myeloma .519.6 Skin Cancer.529.7 Cancer in Children of Welders: Neuroblastoma.5310. Metal Fume Fever .5311. Effects on
23、 the Eye and Vision.5411.1 Retina 5411.2 Eye Protection.5512. Effects on the Nervous System: Aluminum5613. Effects on the Nervous System: Manganese .5713.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) .5713.2 Cognitive Effects 5913.3 Heart Rate .5913.4 Welding and Parkinsons Disease.6013.5 Genetic Susceptibilit
24、y .6114. Effects on the Cardiovascular System.6114.1 Cardiovascular Disease.6114.2 Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome .6115. Effects on Reproduction6215.1 Effects on Fertility 6215.2 Effects on the Newborn 6516. Effects on the Immune System6617. Biological Monitoring.6717.1 Chromium .6717.2 Lead 6817.3 Man
25、ganese 6917.4 Aluminum .6917.5 Trace Metals .6918. Genotoxicity70Section ThreeInvestigations in Animals and Cell Cultures19. Metal Fume Fever .7120. Pulmonary Inflammation.7221. Immunomodulation by Hexavalent Chromium.7522. Dopamine Oxidation .7523. Distribution of Inhaled Iron.75References 76Nonman
26、datory Annexes87Annex A Common Measurements of Pulmonary Function.87Annex BOccupational Epidemiology 89xiiiList of TablesTable Page No.1 Breathing Zone Radioactivity from Sharpening and Welding with Thoriated Electrodes 312 Mean Values of Electromagnetic Field Intensity During Various Types of Weldi
27、ng.333 Rates of Absenteeism for Selected Causes of Sick Leave with Duration of Employment344 Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Complaints in the 12 Months Before the Start of the Study 355 Job-Exposure Matrix for Stainless Steel and Mild Steel Welding Fumes.376 Results of Challenge Tests During Welding
28、of Mild, Stainless, and Galvanized Steel 417 Cancer Sites with Significantly Elevated or Reduced Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIR)in the Combined Population of Welders 468 Standardized Mortality Rates (SMR) in the European Cohort of Welders in Relation to Lung Cancer .499 Standardized Incidence Ra
29、tios (SIR) for NHL, Leukemia, and Multiple Myeloma in theCombined Population of Welders in the Multinational Nordic Study.5210 Number of Study Participants, Breathing Zone Manganese Concentrations, and Frequency ofEnhanced MRI Signal Intensities.5811 Time to Pregnancy Among Bakers, Welders, and Non-
30、Exposed Controls .6512 Concentrations of Chromium in Personal Air Samples and in Blood and Urine Samplesfrom Stainless Steel and Mild Steel Welders.6813 Metal Levels in Fumes, City Air, and Blood Samples from Apprentices and Controls70xivList of FiguresFigure Page No.1 Cr(III)/Cr(VI) Speciation in F
31、umes Generated by SMAW, GMAW, and GTAW of Stainless Steel .242 The Effect of Shielding Gas Flow Rate on the Relative Magnitude of UV, Ozone, Cr(VI),and Fume Formation Rate under Standard Welding Conditions .253 Particle Size Distribution of Airborne Particles Collected in the Welding Area of an Auto
32、motive Plant 264 Survival Curve for Pregnancies According to Paternal Welding 635 The Percentage of Dead Macrophages after Incubation with the Total Particulate, and Solubleand Insoluble Components of Fumes Generated by SMAW and GMAW of Stainless Steel,and GMAW of Mild Steel736 Production of Reactiv
33、e Oxygen Species by Lung Macrophages after Incubation with the TotalParticulate, and Soluble and Insoluble Components of Fumes Generated by SMAW and GMAWof Stainless Steel and GMAW of Mild Steel .74EWH, XII1IntroductionThe health of workers in the welding environment is a major concern of the Americ
34、an Welding Society. To stayabreast of this subject, the health literature is periodically reviewed and published in the report Effects of Welding onHealth. Eleven volumes have been published to date; the first covered data published before 1978, while the remaindercovered 2- to 3-year periods betwee
35、n 1978 and December, 1996. The current report includes information publishedbetween January 1997 and December, 1999. It should be read in conjunction with the previous volumes for a compre-hensive treatment of the literature on the Effects of Welding on Health. Included in Section 1 of this volume a
36、re studies ofthe characteristics of welding emissions that may have an impact on the control technologies necessary to protect thewelder. In keeping with previous volumes, health reports and epidemiological studies of humans are discussed in Section2 and organized according to the affected organ sys
37、tem. Research studies in animals and cell cultures are discussed inSection 3.Many of the studies on the effects of welding on health published during the current report period focused on mattersthat have been explored in the older literature. The question of whether or not welding causes a decrease
38、in the functionof the lungs or causes an increased incidence of pulmonary diseases such as bronchitis continues to be explored. Inves-tigations of the association of asthma with welding increase in number as the prevalence of both occupational and non-occupational asthma increases in industrialized
39、countries worldwide. As in the past, attention is focused on the incidenceof lung cancer in welders and the contribution of the potential carcinogens nickel and chromium encountered in stainlesssteel welding to the incidence of the disease. Current studies do not indicate that stainless steel welder
40、s are at a greaterrisk for developing lung cancer than are mild steel welders, although they may be at a greater risk for experiencingchanges in lung function than are mild steel welders. In addition, animal studies indicate that stainless steel weldingfumes may elicit a stronger inflammatory respon
41、se in the lungs than do mild steel fumes. The neurological effects ofmanganese received considerable attention during this report period and point to the strong need for the use of protectivemeasures by workers exposed to this metal.This page is intentionally blank.EWH, XII3Workplace ExposuresFume S
42、ampling Procedures. In 1996, the EuropeanCommittee for Standardization proposed a new Euro-pean/International Standard for sampling airborne parti-cles and gases generated during welding and alliedprocesses. The requirements of this standard were evalu-ated by Chung et al. (Refs. 38, 39, 44) who con
43、ductedtests which showed that the choices of samplers and sam-pling procedures allowed by the standard could lead toan over- or underestimation of fume exposures. In thesetests, samplers were placed on a life-size mannequin po-sitioned over an automated welding test rig in a mannerthat represented a
44、 right-handed welder at work. No dif-ferences were seen in the exposures measured by fivedifferent sampling devices for inhalable dust. Placementof the sampler on the right or left side of the mannequinsface or under the chin yielded variable results leading theinvestigators to recommend that the sa
45、mpler be placed onthe side of the face where fume concentrations were visi-bly highest. Because the quantities of fumes collectedwhen the sampler was placed on the lapel did not agreewith those collected in the breathing zone, measurementof welding fume exposures by lapel sampling was notrecommended
46、. Finally, the draft standard allowed con-centrations of fume constituents provided by the manu-facturers Material Safety Data Sheet to be used in lieu ofanalyzing individual components of collected fume sam-ples. Chung et al. found that the fume composition deter-mined by actual analyses of fumes g
47、enerated in theirlaboratory did not agree completely with the analyses offume components provided by the manufacturer. In par-ticular, differences in the chromium content were ob-served among the fume compositions generated byFCAW and GMAW of stainless steel (Ref. 38) and reli-ance on the data sheet
48、s for fume composition would haveled to underestimation of exposure to chromium.Electromagnetic Radiation. Tenkate and Collins (Refs.184, 186) used polysulfone film dosimeters to estimatethe daily doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation received bythe eyes and skin of welders and nearby workers in ameta
49、l fabrication workshop. All doses measured by body,ocular, and environmental badges were above theACGIH maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limit.The ocular exposures measured for the welders and boil-ermakers were four and five times the MPE, respectively.Tenkate and Collins (Ref. 185) investigated the elementsof helmet design and the angles of incident radiation thatallow UV radiation to enter the helmet and reflect intothe eyes. None of four helmet designs tested completelyprotected the eyes from exposure to UV radiation. Whenthe UV beam was in a horizontal orientation, some U
