1、AWS EWH-9 95 O Effects of Welding on Health IX Amerkan Welding e AWS EWH-9 75 W 0784265 0504934 O8T m Key Words - Welding, health, cancer, disease, exposure, fumes, gases, literature review, noise, radiation, toxicology Effects of Welding on Health IX Research performed by Biomedical Toxicology Asso
2、ciates, Frederick, Maryland, under contract with the American Welding Society and supported by industry contributions. Performed by: Winifred G. Palmer, Ph.D. and James C. Eaton, P.E. Abstract This literature review, with 232 citations, was prepared under contract to the American Welding Society for
3、 its Safety and Health Committee. The review deals with studies of the fumes, gases radiation, and noise generated during various arc welding processes. Section 1 summarizes recent studies of occupational exposures, Section 2 contains information related to the human health effects, and Section 3 di
4、scusses the effects of welding on animals and cell cultures. Prepared for Safety and Health Committee American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road Miami, Florida 33126 AWS EWH-9 95 = 07842b5 0504935 TL6 International Standard Book Number: 0-8717 1-462-0 American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune R
5、oad, Miami, FL 33126 O 1995 by American Welding Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This report is published as a service and convenience to the welding industry and is the product of an independent contractor (Biomedical Toxicology Associates) which is solely resp
6、onsible for its contents. The materials in this report have not been independently reviewed or verified and are offered only as information. AWS assumes no responsibility for any claims that may arise from the use of this information. Users should make independent investigations to determine the app
7、licability of this information for their purposes. Personnel K. A. Lyttle, Chairman J. F. Hinrichs, Ist Vice Chairman M. T. Neu, MD, 2nd Vice Chairman M. E. Kennebeck, Jr., Secretary J. T. Ashe W. J. Astleford“ K. L. Brown O. J. Fisher* S. S. Glickstein* W. S. Howes A. F. Manz R. J. Simonton * D. H.
8、 SEiney* W. O. Thompson* R. J. Tucker* R. M. Tuggie* M. J. Vasquez* Praxair, Incorporated-Linde Division A. O. Smith Corporate Technology Caterpillar, Incorporated American Welding Society Snyder General Corporation Southwest Research Institute The Lincoin Electric Company Consultant Westinghouse El
9、ectric Corporation National Electrical Manufacturers Association A. F. Manz Associates Consultant U. S. Army Environmental Hygiene U.S. EPA Glendale Protective Tech U.S. Department of Energy Shell Oil Company *Advisor . 111 AUS EUH-9 95 0784265 O504937 899 Foreword (This Foreword is not a part of Ef
10、fects of Welding on Health IX, but is included for information purposes only.) This literature review was prepared for the Safety and Health Committee of the American Welding Society to provide an assessment of current information concerning the effects of welding on health, as well as to aid in the
11、 formulation and design of research projects in this area, as part of an on going program sponsored by the Committee. Previous work consists of the reports Effects of Welding on Health I through VI11 each covering approximately 18 months to two years. Conclusions based on this review and recommendat
12、ions for further research are presented in the introductory portions of the report. Referenced materials are available from: Biomedical Toxicology Associates P.O. Box 3539 Frederick, MD 21701 Tel. (301) 662-0783 iv _ . AWS EWH-9 95 S 0784265 0504938 725 Comparative Listing - Welding Processes Explan
13、atory Note: Terms used in the technical literature sometimes do not correspond to those recommended by Accordingly, the following list may aid the reader in identifying the process in use. AWS in its publication ANSUAWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions. EWH - IX Gas or Flame Cutting Gas
14、Welding MAG MIG, GMA MMA, SMA TIG Wire Preferred AWS Term Oxygen Cutting or (OFC) Oxyfuel Gas Cutting Oxyfuel Gas Welding or (OAW) Oxyacetylene Welding - (with specified shielding gas) (OC) (OW) (GMAW) (GMAW) Gas Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Shielded Metal Arc Welding (GTAW) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Ele
15、ctrode V Acknowledgments Funds for this project were provided by the American Welding Society. The American Welding Society gratefuliy acknowledges the financial support of the program by industv contributions. Supporting Organizations Air Products and Chemicals, Incorporated Airco Welding Products
16、Allis-Chalmers Alloy Rods Division, The Chemetron Corporation AWS Detroit Section AWS New Orleans Section Arcos Corporation The Binkley Company Caterpillar Tractor Company Chicago Bridge and Iron Company Grove Manufacturing Company, Division of Kidde, Incorporated General Electric Company The Heil C
17、ompany Hobart Brothers Company INCO Alloys International Lincoln Electric Company Miller Electric manufacturing Company National-Standard Company A.O. Smith Corporation Teledyne-McKay , Incorporated Trinity Industries, Incorporated Truck Trailer Manufacturers Association Walker Stainless Equipment C
18、ompany Weld Tooling Corporation Many other organizations have also made contributions to support the ongoing program from May 1979 to the present. vi AWS EWH-9 75 m O784265 0504920 383 I Table of Contents Page No . . Personnel . Foreword . iv Comparative Listing - Welding Processes . v Acknowledgmen
19、ts . vi Introduction . 1 Technical Summary . 7 Executive Summary . 3 Conclusions . 17 Section One . The Exposure 1 . Introduction 19 2 . Fumes . 19 2.2 Analysis of Metals in Biological Tissues 22 2.1 Analytical Techniques . 22 3 . Workplace Exposure Limits . 22 5 . Electromagnetic Radiation 25 4 . O
20、zone 23 6 . Electromagnetic Fields 26 7 . Incidental Exposures 26 7.1 Production Coatings . 26 7.2 Radiation Exposure . 26 8 . Hygiene and Work Practices . 27 8.1 Ventilation and Air Cleaning Equipment . 27 8.2 Protective Gear . 27 8.3 Accidents . 28 8.4 Stress . 29 Section Two . Effects of Welding
21、on Human Health 9 . Respiratory Tract . 29 9.1 9.2 Case Reports . 32 io . Cancer 33 10.1 Lung Cancer 33 10.2 Nasal and Laryngeal Cancer . 37 10.3 Urogenital Tract Cancer . 37 10.4 Cancer in Children of Welders . 37 10.5 Cancers Associated with Electromagnetic Fields 38 10.6 Cancers Associated with U
22、ltraviolet Radiation . 38 11 . Metal Fume Fever 39 12 . Eflects on the Ear . 39 13 . Effects on the Eye and Vision 40 Pulmonary Function and Bronchitis . 29 vii AWS EWH-9 95 = 0784265 0.504921 2LT 13.1 Cataracts 40 13.2 Photokeratitis 40 13.3 Eye Injury . 41 13.4 Long-Term Effects 41 13.5 Contact Le
23、nses 41 14 . Effects on the Skin 42 15 . Effects on the Nervous System . 42 16 . Effects on the Immune System . 43 17 . Effects on the Musculoskeletal System 43 18 . Effects on the Kidney . 46 18.1 Cadmium 46 18.2 Chromium 46 19 . Ferfilis, . 46 20 . Teeth . 49 21 . Effects of Specific Metals . 49 2
24、1.1 Beryllium 49 21.2 Cadmium . 50 21.3 Iron 50 22 . Biological Monitoring 50 22.1 Chromium: Biomarkers 50 22.2 Chromium: Biological Monitoring . 51 22.3 Nickel 52 22.4 Aluminum . 52 22.5 Zinc . 53 23 . Incidental Exposures 53 23.1 Degreasing Agents 53 23.2 Coated or Contaminated Surfaces 53 23.3 Al
25、lergens . 54 Section Three . Effects in Animals and Cell Cultures 25 . Fertilio . 54 26 . Fibrosis 55 27 . In Vitro Tests 55 28 . Effects of Welding Fumes in Animals 56 29 . Biochemical Studies . 56 References . 59 . v111 AUS EWH-9 95 0784265 0504922 156 W List of Tables Table Page No. 1. 2. 3. 4. L
26、ung Cancer in Welders, Cohort Studies . 34 Number of Spermatozoa per Epididymis in Adult Wistar Rats 55 Lung Cancer in Welders, Case-Control Studies 35 Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Tri- and Hexavalent Chromium on Testicular Weight, and Metal Content of Fumes from Electrodes Tested in Lipid Perox
27、idation Assays 57 Figure 1A. 1B. 1c. 2. 3. 4. 5 A. 5B. 5c. 6. List of Figures Page No. Fume Generation Rate During GMAW of Mild Steel Using Solid Mild Steel Wire Showing the Effects of Increasing Concentration of CO, in the Shield Gas with Increasing Current 21 Fume Generation Rate During GMAW of St
28、ainless Steel Using Solid Stainless Steel Wire Showing the Effects of Helium in the Shield Gas with Increasing Current 21 FGR for GMAW of Aluminum Alloys Containing Either 5% Magnesium (Alloy No. 5636) or 5% Silicon (Alloy No. 4043) Showing Effect of Magnesium in the Metal and Helium in the Shield G
29、as with Increasing Current . 21 Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Welding Fume Concentrations in the Breathing Zone of Welders During Welding without the Use of Local Exhaust Ventilation . 24 Frequency of Physical Symptoms Affecting Different Parts of the Musculoskeletal System . 44 Drawing of Ha
30、nd Showing Location of Carpal Tunnel and Position of the Median Nerve Affected by Carpal Tunnel Syndrome . 45 Cadmium Levels in Serum from Six Welders During the First 5 Years After Exposure to Cadmium Ceased 47 Cadmium Levels in Urine in Six Welders During the First 5 Years After Exposure to Cadmiu
31、m Ceased 47 Concentrations of Beta 2-Microglobin in Urine of Six Welders During the First 5 Years After Exposure to Cadmium Ceased 48 Aluminum Concentrations in Urine from Two Welders During the First 4 Years After Welding of Aluminum Ceased . 52 ix AWS EWH-9 95 I O784265 0504923 O92 Introduction Pr
32、otecting the health of workers in the welding environment is a major concern of the American Welding Society. To stay abreast of this subject, the health literature is periodically reviewed and published in the report Effects of Welding on Health. Eight volumes have been published to date; the first
33、 covered data published before 1978, while the latter seven covered time periods between 1978 and December 1989. The current report includes information published be- tween January 1990 and December, 1991. It should be read in conjunction with the previous volumes for a comprehen- sive treatment of
34、the literature on the Effects of Welding on Health. Included in this volume are studies of the characteristics of welding emissions that may have an impact on the control technologies necessary to protect the welder (Section 1). In keeping with previous volumes, the health studies are orga- nized ac
35、cording to the affected organ system. The respiratory tract, the primary route of exposure to welding emissions, is also a major target organ of a number of components of these emissions. Acute (e.g., metal fume fever, cadmium poi- soning) as well as potential chronic respiratory effects (e.g., bron
36、chitis, cancer) of welding emissions are of concern. Chronic effects on other systems such as the urogenital tract have also been studied. One such effect, injury of the kidney tubules, is known to result from chronic exposure to cadmium. The effect of welding on fertility has received recent at- te
37、ntion, but the evidence for a negative impact of welding on fertility is weak and, at the most, uncertain. Continued re- search in the form of epidemiologic studies, investigations with laboratory animals, and in vitro cell studies will help to resolve these questions. 1 AWS EWH-9 95 0784265 0504924
38、 T27 Executive Summary The Respiratory Tract The contribution of welding to the development of pulmonary function deficits and respiratory disorders such as bronchitis and asthma remains uncertain, and conflicting results have been reported by different inves- tigators. In studies which have identif
39、ied a positive rela- tionship between welding and respiratory disorders, it has not been possible to identify specific components of the exposure responsible for these conditions. Chinn et al. (Ref. 48) and Bogadi-Sare (Ref. 31) found a statistically significant decrease in ventilatory parameters in
40、dicative of bronchial obstruction in weld- ers. These results were in accord with those of Kilbum et al. (Refs. 111, 112) who found that reductions in lung function in welders were small, but statistically signifi- cant. Lukac et al. (Ref. 128) also found decreases in FEV, and FEV,/FVC among welders
41、, especially among those who smoked. However, non-welding controls were not examined in that study. In contrast to these results, Melbostad and Ruud (Ref. 136), in their study of metal and machine workers, and Demers et al. (Ref. 53), in their study of boilermakers, found no association between weld
42、ing and deficits in FVC or FEV,. Rossignol et al. (Ref. 176) actually found an increase in FEV,/FVC in experienced welders. Inconsistent results also were seen among studies of respiratory symptoms. While chronic bronchitis was shown to be significantly related to smoking (Ref. 48), Chinn et al. (Re
43、f. 48) and Bogadi-Sare (Ref. 3 1) found that it was not related to trade as a welder. However, Kilburn and Warshaw (Refs. 111 and 112) found that nearly 20% of electric arc welders had chronic bronchi- tis, and the incidence of this disease was related to weld- ing, especially in nonsmokers. In othe
44、r studies, welders were found to have a high incidence of chronic bronchi- tis (Refs. 126 and 128). Kleiner et al. (Ref. 115) found that welders developed chronic bronchitis at an earlier age and after briefer employment than mechanics. This effect was much greater in smokers than in non-smokers. Ot
45、her respiratory symptoms that were studied among welders included asthma and dyspnea. Chinn et al. (Ref. 48) and Bogadi-Sare (Ref. 3 1) found that breathlessness on exertion was significantly more frequent among weld- ers. Welding was also found to be significantly associ- ated with asthma (Ref. Il)
46、. Cancer The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluated epidemiologic studies reported through 1989 which assessed the incidence of cancer in welders (Ref. 100) and concluded that “there is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of welding fumes and gases.” This evaluat
47、ion indicates that a “posi- tive association has been observed between exposure to welding fumes and cancer for which a causal interpre- tation is considered . to be credible, but chance, bias, or confounding could not be ruled out with reasonable con- fidence.” The evidence for carcinogenicity in e
48、xperimen- tal animals was judged to be inadequate and the overall evaluation of IARC was that “welding fumes are possi- bly carcinogenic to humans.” Eleven cohort and twelve case-control studies were considered by IARC in their evaluation of the cancer risk of welders. While most of the cohort studi
49、es showed a greater incidence of lung cancer among welders than among control populations, only one of these was signif- icant (Ref. 186). Six of the case-control studies examined by IARC showed greater than a 100% excess lung risk. The excess risk was statistically significant in four of the latter studies. These four studies, served in part as the basis for the conclusion by IARC that there is limited ev- idence for the carcinogenicity of welding emissions in humans. Also considered by IARC was the positive asso- ciation of lung cancer with exposure to welding fumes that w
