1、Ventilation Guidefor Weld FumeAWS F3.2M/F3.2:2001An American National Standard550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126AWS F3.2M/F3.2:2001An American National StandardApproved byAmerican National Standards InstituteJune 15, 2001Ventilation Guidefor Weld FumePrepared byAWS Project Committee on Fume
2、s and GasesUnder the Direction ofAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved byAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis document introduces the reader to various types of ventilation systems, including general supply and exhaust andlocal exhaust, for control of welding fumes. It contains or refers to infor
3、mation on air contaminants found in the weldingfumes, principles of systems design and selection, and drawings that illustrate ventilation techniques.Key WordsVentilation, airborne contaminants, local exhaust, fume control, weldingStatement on Use of AWS American National StandardsAll standards (cod
4、es, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the AmericanNational Standards Institute. When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made
5、part of, documents that areincluded in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carrythe full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by thegovernmental body having statutory ju
6、risdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In allcases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards.Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standa
7、rd must be byagreement between the contracting parties.International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-661-5American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2001 by American Welding Society. All rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaAWS American National Standards are dev
8、eloped through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu
9、ate, orverify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe-cial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly re
10、sulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on thisstandard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or onbeh
11、alf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the adviceof a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonabl
12、e care in any given circumstances.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent. AWS disclaims liability for the infringementof any patent resulting fro
13、m the use or reliance on this standard.Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly (errata). Such errata, when discovered, are shown on theAmerican Welding Society w
14、eb page (www.aws.org) under “Technical” in the Departments column.Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writ-ing, to the Managing Director Technical Services, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL
15、33126(see Annex H). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards maybe rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. Theseindividuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these ora
16、l opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpre-tations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS Safety and Health Committee. It must be reviewed
17、 every fiveyears and if not revised, it must be either reapproved or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions)and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed to AWS Head-quarters. Such comments will receive careful consid
18、eration by the AWS Safety and Health Committee and the author ofthe comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings ofthe AWS Safety and Health Committee to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decisionco
19、ncerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy ofthese Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.Photocopy RightsAuthorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educatio
20、nal classroom use only, or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that theappropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400;online: http:
21、/.iiiPersonnelAWS Safety and Health CommitteeS. R. Fiore, Chair Edison Welding InstituteM. E. Wallace, 1st Vice Chair NIOSHS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding SocietyJ. M. Antonini NIOSHK. Bancroft Florida Division of SafetyR. Berg Tower Automotive ProductsK. L. Brown The Lincoln Electric Co.S
22、. F. Kane Brookhaven National LaboratoryK. A. Lyttle Praxair, Inc.A. F. Manz A. F. Manz AssociatesM. T. Neu Caterpillar, Inc.R. J. Tucker Dalloz Safety*W. J. Astleford Southwest Research Institute*O. J. Fisher Consultant*S. S. Glickstein Westinghouse Electric Corp.*J. F. Hinrichs The Welding-Link*R.
23、 J. Simonton U.S. Department of Energy*D. H. Sliney U.S. Army Center*R. M. Tuggle U.S. Department of Energy*M. J. Vasquez Equiva LLCAWS Subcommittee on Fumes and GasesM. E. Wallace, Chair NIOSHS. R. Fiore, Vice Chair Edison Welding InstituteS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding SocietyH. J. Bagn
24、all Nederman, Inc.K. L. Brown The Lincoln Electric Co.D. E. Clark Idaho National Engineering LaboratoryJ. W. Dimler JWD AssociatesT. R. Hocker ESABJ. Kohl Torit ProductsDonaldson Co.K. A. Lyttle Praxair, Inc.G. R. Meyer Thermadyne IndustriesT. C. Pumphrey The Lincoln Electric Co.J. Zawodny AGA Gas,
25、Inc.A. M. Zhivov University of Illinois*G. C Barnes Consultant*W. J. Brutsche Ohio BWC/Safety and Hygiene*H. R. Castner Edison Welding Institute*W. H. Drake, Jr. S.W. Missouri State University*P. A. Hernandez American Iron and Steel Institute*P. J. Hewitt University of Bradford*J. W. Tackett Consult
26、ant*M. J. Vasquez Equiva LLC*AdvisorvForeword(This Foreword is not part of AWS F3.2M/F3.2:2001, Ventilation Guide for Weld Fume, but is included for informationpurposes only.)In 1991, the American Welding Society entered into an informal arrangement to distribute an insurance companypublication, Wel
27、ding Fume Control with Mechanical Ventilation. In October 1986, the copyright was purchased and anupdated version was prepared for publication as ANSI/AWS F3.1-89, Guide for Welding Fume Control. ANSI/AWSF3.1-89 contained information to help plan new or evaluate existing systems for control of weldi
28、ng fume in the work-place. Because more than a revision was determined to be necessary, ANSI/AWS F3.1-89 was withdrawn in 1997 andreplaced with an updated and expanded ventilation guide.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,AW
29、S Safety and Health Committee, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.viiTable of ContentsPage No.Personnel iiiForeword .vList of Tables. viiiList of Figures. viiiForeword .v1. Scope 12. Referenced Documents.13. Hazards of Welding Fume and Gases.13.1 Types of Contaminants.1
30、3.2 Particle Size23.3 Specific Contaminants .24. Ventilation.34.1 Principles of Ventilation.34.2 Local Exhaust Ventilation 34.3 General Ventilation.35. Fume Filtration .85.1 Collector Selection.85.2 Cartridge Collectors .85.3 Electrostatic Precipitators 105.4 Fabric Collectors 115.5 Fire Precautions
31、115.6 Safe Handling and Disposal of Collectors .116. Duct Design117. Ventilation System Design Cases .127.1 Natural Ventilation .127.2 General Ventilation Supply and Exhaust127.3 Local Exhaust and Recirculation .137.4 Local Exhaust without Recirculation.137.5 Local Exhaust Combined with General Exha
32、ust without Recirculation137.6 Local High-Vacuum Exhaust System Combined with General Supply and Exhaust Systemswithout Recirculation.157.7 Local Exhaust Combined with General Recirculation and Air Cleaning 16AnnexesNonmandatory InformationAnnex AVentilation Rates, Contaminant, and Heat Removal Effi
33、ciency.19Annex BFume Generation Data21Annex CFume Constituent Concentration Data (%) 23Annex DEnvironmental Release Estimates .25Annex ETypical Welding Duty Cycles .27Annex FPressure Loss in Welding Fume Extraction Arms29Annex GBibliography31Annex HGuidelines for Preparation of Technical Inquiries f
34、or AWS Technical Committees .33viiiList of TablesTable Page No.1 Local Ventilation Systems for Welding and Cutting Processes .4A1 Approximate Values for Ventilation Efficiency Coefficients .20F1 Pressure Loss Coefficients for Typical Flexible Welding Fume Extraction Arms.30List of FiguresFigure Page
35、 No.1 Welding Gun with Integral Fume Extraction .52 High-Vacuum Source Capture Nozzle .53 Flexible Extraction Arms .64 Cross-Draft Welding Table with Slotted Hood 65 Fixed Exhaust Hood.66 Push-Pull Hood over Welding Robot .77 Canopy Hood .78 Downdraft Cutting Table79 Methods of Air Distribution.910
36、Typical Cartridge Collector1011 Typical Portable Collector1012 Typical Electrostatic Precipitator .1013 Typical Fabric Collector.1114 Illustration of Natural Ventilation 1215 Illustration of General Ventilation Supply and Exhaust.1316 Illustration of Local Exhaust and Recirculation 1417 Illustration
37、 of Local Exhaust without Recirculation1418 Illustration of Local Exhaust Combined with General Exhaust without Recirculation.1519 Illustration of Local High-Vacuum Exhaust System Combined with General Supply andExhaust Systems without Recirculation.1620 Illustration of Local Exhaust Combined with G
38、eneral Recirculation and Air Cleaning .17AWS F3.2M/F3.2:200111. ScopeThis guide outlines recommended principles of venti-lation systems for facilities with welding and allied pro-cesses. It is intended for those responsible for selectingand designing such systems. The primary objective ofthis docume
39、nt is to enhance the health and safety of all inthe industrial environment. The secondary objective isenergy conservation. This guide does not provide infor-mation on respiratory protection devices such as respira-tors, or specific precautions for confined spaces.This standard makes use of both U.S.
40、 CustomaryUnits and the International System of Units (SI). Themeasurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each system must be used independently of the otherwithout combining in any way. The standard with thedesignation F3.2M:2001 uses SI Units. The standard des-ignation F3.2:2001 uses U.S
41、. Customary Units. The lat-ter are shown within brackets or in appropriatecolumns in tables and figures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following ACGIH documents1are referenced inthis document.(1) Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substancesand Physical Agents, Biological Exposure Indices(2) Indust
42、rial Ventilation: A Manual of RecommendedPractice2.2 The following ASHRAE documents2are referencedin this document.(1) ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Applications(2) ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Systems and Equipment(3) ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals1. ACGIH publications may be obtained from the AmericanConference o
43、f Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 KemperMeadow Drive, Suite 600, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.2. ASHRAE publications may be obtained from the AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engi-neers, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329-2305.(4) ASHRAE Standard 55-1992,
44、 Thermal Environ-mental Conditions for Human Occupancy2.3 The following NFPA document3is referenced in thisdocument.(1) NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention DuringWelding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work2.4 The following NIOSH document4is referenced inthis document.(1) NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical H
45、azards3. Hazards of Welding Fume and Gases3.1 Types of Contaminants. Many welding, cutting, andallied processes produce fumes and gases which may beharmful to health. Fumes are solid particles originatingfrom welding consumables, the base metal, and any coat-ing present on the base metal. Gases are
46、produced duringthe welding process or may be produced by the effects ofprocess radiation on the surrounding environment. Whilenot normally produced in high quantities, these gases canbe significant in some applications such as plasma arccutting or high amperage welding of very reflective met-als suc
47、h as aluminum or stainless steel.Welding fumes and gases are chemically very com-plex. Their amount and composition depend upon thecomposition of the filler metal and base material, weld-ing process, current level, arc length, and other processfactors. Awareness of these hazards is the first step in
48、providing protection to the welder in the workplace.Potential acute effects from welding fumes are eyeand respiratory tract irritations, allergic reactions, metalfume fever, headaches, and other complications. Effects3. NFPA publications may be obtained from the National FireProtection Association,
49、1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101,Quincy, MA 02269-9101.4. NIOSH publications may be obtained from the Superinten-dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954.Ventilation Guide for Weld FumeAWS F3.2M/F3.2:20012may occur immediately or at some later time. The possi-bility of more serious health effects exists when toxicmaterials are involved. Chronic or long-term effects re-ported are siderosis, bronchitis, and asthma.3.2 Particle Size. Fume particle size is an importantsafety-related variable as particle size
