1、AWWA Standard SM Powdered Activated Carbon Effective date: April 1, 2016. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors May 15, 1953. This edition approved Jan. 16, 2016. Approved by American National Standards Institute Oct. 12, 2015. ANSI/AWWA B600-16 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B600-10) Copyright
2、2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally
3、 contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA pub- lication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any prod
4、uct or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or code of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to repres
5、ent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice section of Journal American Water Works Association. The actio
6、n becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal American Water Works Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An Americ
7、an National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has ap - proved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or us
8、ing products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encour - aged to state on their own r
9、esponsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completio
10、n of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may re
11、ceive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; 212.642.4900; or emailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-62576-132-3 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-359-6DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10
12、.12999/AWWA.B600.16 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes,
13、 without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2016 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or pho
14、tocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Activated Carbon, which reviewed and approved
15、this stan- dard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: David W. Mazyck, Chair General Interest Members R.G. Bond, Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Mo. (AWWA) H.E. Brown,* American Water Company, Mesa, Ariz. (AWWA) W.B. Dowbiggin, CDM Smith, Raleigh, N.C. (AWWA) A. Fisher, Water Quality As
16、sociation, Lisle, N.C. (AWWA) D.J. Hartman, Greater Cincinnati Water Works, Cincinnati, Ohio (AWWA) D.R. Knappe, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. (AWWA) D.W. Mazyck, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. (AWWA) T.J. McCandless, Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
17、T.F. Speth, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (AWWA) I.H. Suffet, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA) R.S. Summers, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colo. (AWWA) M.A. Waer, Phoenix, Ariz. (AWWA) Producer Members T.M. Byrne, MWV Specially Chemicals, North Charleston, S.C. (AWWA)
18、 D.M. Jordan, Evoqua WT, San Francisco, Calif. (AWWA) T.R. Julian, Standard Carbon LLC, Dunnellon, Fla. (AWWA) N.E. Megonnell, Haycarb, Pittsburgh, Pa. (AWWA) W.F. Naylor, Biogenic Reagents, Longview, Texas (AWWA) R. Potwora, Oxbow Activated Carbon, Oceanside, Calif. (AWWA) K. Ryan, Calgon Carbon Co
19、rporation, Pittsburgh, Pa. (AWWA) J. Sharpe,* Standard Purification, San Francisco, Calif. (AWWA) * Alternate Liaison, nonvoting Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iv User Members T. Hayes, City of Phoenix, Phoenix, Ariz. (AWWA) J.V. Roccaro, Suffolk County Water A
20、uthority, Oakdale, N.Y. (AWWA) D.E. Tungate, Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority, Charlottesville, Va. (AWWA) B.L. Whitteberry, Greater Cincinnati Water Works, Cincinnati, Ohio (AWWA) N.A. Wiley, American Water, Voorhees, N.J. (AWWA) Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved
21、. v Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Foreword I Introduction vii I.A Background . vii I.B History vii I.C Acceptance . viii II Special Issues. . ix II.A Storage an
22、d Handling Precautions . ix II.B Activated Carbon Dust ix II.C Surrogate Tests x II.D Performance-Based Evaluation Tests x III Use of This Standard xi III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives xi III.B Modification to Standard xii IV Major Revisions . xii V Comments . xiii Standard 1 General . 1 1.1
23、Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 2 4 Requirements 2 4.1 Materials . 2 4.2 Characteristics . 3 4.3 Chemical Requirements 3 4.4 Impurities 4 5 Verification 4 5.1 Sampling . 4 5.2 Procedures . 4 5.3 Rejection . 6 6 Delivery 6 6.1 Marking 6 6.2 Packaging and Shipp
24、ing 7 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance 8 Appendixes A Bibliography 9 B MIB/Geosmin, Tannin Value, and Threshold Odor Tests B.1 MIB/Geosmin Test . 11 B.2 Tannin Value Test . 15 B.3 Threshold Odor Test . 18 Figures B.1 Example of Calculation of PAC Dose-Equivalent Performance Factors. 14 B.2 Sample Determi
25、nation of Tannin Extract by Carbon Adsorption 18 B.3 Parallel Threshold Dilution Chart . 19 Tables B.1 Example Weighted Cost Determined by Performance Factors . 15 B.2 Parallel Threshold Dilution Table . 22 Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally
26、 blank. Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vii Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA B600. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. Activated carbon is a crude form of graphite that is produced by a carefully controlled oxidation p
27、rocess to develop a porous carbon structure with an internal surface area greater than 500 m 2 /g. This surface area gives the activated carbon the capacity to adsorb dissolved organic chemicals, many of which are taste- and odor-causing substances in water. The major raw materials used in the manuf
28、acture of powdered activated carbon (PAC) include, but are not limited to, peat, bituminous coal, coconut shells, wood, and lignite coal. During activation, the raw materials are either reacted at high tem- peratures in the presence of steam or at moderate temperatures in the presence of activation
29、chemicals. The activation process first drives off volatile components from the raw material, creating a fine porous structure, and then enlarges the pores, which creates the extensive internal pore structure required to obtain appreciable adsorption of organic chemicals. Subsequent processing may i
30、nclude crushing, screening, grading, and packaging. PAC is applied by mixing it with water to form a slurry that is metered into the water at a suitable point in the treatment process. The activated carbon, along with adsorbed contaminants, is removed by settling or filtration. I.A.1 Source of suppl
31、y. Activated carbon used for water treatment should be obtained from manufacturers that are regularly engaged in the production of activated carbon that is found to be satisfactory for service in the water treatment field. I.B. History. The first edition of ANSI/AWWA B600, Powdered Activated Carbon,
32、 was approved as tentative by the AWWA Board of Directors on July 11, 1949, and later as a standard on May 15, 1953. Subsequent revisions to ANSI/AWWA B600 were approved on Jan. 23, 1966, Jan. 28, 1978, June 17, 1990, Feb. 4, 1996, Jan. 16, 2005, and June 20, 2010. This seventh edition of B600 was a
33、pproved on Jan. 16, 2016. ANSI/AWWA B600 provides information on preparing purchase documents for the purchase of PAC to be used as an adsorption medium for the treatment of municipal * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Copyright 2016 Ameri
34、can Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii and industrial water supplies. Granular activated carbon is covered in ANSI/AWWA B604, Granular Activated Carbon. This standard does not cover the design of activated carbon handling facilities or adsorption processes. Design information may be
35、found in the Journal - American Water Works Association and in other publications, some of which are listed in the bib- liography (appendix A) of this standard. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by
36、NSF International (NSF*) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation (formerly AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Health and Environ
37、mental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may
38、choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including 1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of D
39、rinking Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990. 2. Specific policies of the state or local agency. 3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF: NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. 4. Other references,
40、including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water Chemicals Codex, and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local agency. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 61. Individual states or local agencies have author
41、ity to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdictions. Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. * NSF International, 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Persons outside the United States should contact the appropri
42、ate authority having jurisdiction. Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 61 does not stipu
43、late a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinog
44、ens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B600 does not address additives requirements. Users of this stan- dard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements, includin
45、g applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. II. Special Issues. II.A. Storage and Handling Precautions. The following safety pre
46、cautions should be exercised to minimize or eliminate hazards when handling and storing PAC. Wet activated carbon will readily adsorb oxygen from the air, creating an acute oxygen- depletion hazard in confined areas. Appropriate safety measures for oxygen-deficient atmospheres should be strictly adh
47、ered to when entering enclosed or partially enclosed areas containing activated carbon. PAC should be stored in a building or compartment that is as fire-resistant as pos- sible. Bags of PAC should be stacked in rows with aisles between them so that each bag may be easily removed in case of fire. No
48、thing else should be stored in the same build- ing or compartment with activated carbon. Strict precautions must be taken to avoid PAC contacting strong oxidizing agents such as chlorine, sodium chlorite, hypochlo- rites, potassium permanganate, ozone, and peroxide. Mixing activated carbon with hydr
49、ocarbons (such as oils, gasoline, diesel fuel, grease, paint thinners, and so forth) may cause spontaneous combustion. Therefore, activated carbon must be kept separate from hydrocarbon storage or spills. In case of an activated carbon fire, the safest procedure, if possible, is to place the smoldering material in a metal container and remove it from the building. An activated carbon fire may also be smothered by means of a very fine spray or mist of water from a hose or by a foam-type chemical extinguisher. A direct stream of water should not be u
