1、ANSI/AWWA B701-18 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B701-11) AWWA Standard SM Sodium Fluoride Effective date: Aug. 1, 2018. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors July 21, 1950. This edition approved March 30, 2018. Approved by American National Standards Institute Feb. 27, 2018. Copyright 2018 Amer
2、ican Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally containe
3、d in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or prod
4、uct type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or code of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a conse
5、nsus of the water industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed in the Official Notice section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the
6、month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the g
7、eneral public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standa
8、rds are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are pro
9、duced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution Notice : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any t
10、ime. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of ANSI approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards I
11、nstitute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; 212.642.4900; or e-mailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-62576-306-8 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-484-5 DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.12999/AWWA.B701.18 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transm
12、itted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including scanning, recording, or any information or retrieval system. Reproduction and commercial use of this material is prohibited, except with written permission from the publisher. Copyright 2018 by American Water Works Association Pr
13、inted in USA If you are interested in using any part of this publication for training, creating a derivative work, or for any commercial use, written permission from AWWA is required. Please send your request to permissionsawwa.org. Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserve
14、d. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Fluorides, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: H.C. Liang, Chair Gus Navar, Secretary General Interest Members K. Duchon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. N.
15、J. Edman, *Standards Group Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. R. Hampaul, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, Vancouver, B.C. H.C. Liang, Tetra Tech, Denver, Colo. C. Marcos, Northeast Pump Jan. 24, 1971; Jan. 28, 1978; * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New Yo
16、rk, NY 10036. AWWA Manual M4, Water Fluoridation Principles and Practices, AWWA, Denver, Colo. Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii Jan. 30, 1984; Jan. 29, 1989; Jan. 30, 1994; June 20, 1999; Feb. 12, 2006; and June 12, 2011. This edition was approved on March 3
17、0, 2018. I.C. Acceptance. Products that are covered by this standard should have certification in accordance with NSF/ANSI Standard 60 and documentation on conformational testing to ANSI/AWWA B701 criteria. Conformational testing to ANSI/AWWA B701 should be provided by the supplier to the consumer w
18、ith each lot delivered. It is recommended that the consumer also conduct independent validation testing to confirm the conformational testing by the producer. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (
19、NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation *(formerly AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (CO
20、SHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In April 1990, USEPA formally withdrew its list of acceptable drinking water additives, and regulatory oversight of direct and indirect drinking water additives passed
21、to the process developed by the consortium under the leadership of NSF . In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state.
22、 To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the direction of NSF: NSF /ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Wa
23、ter System ComponentsHealth Effects. NSF , in cooperation with ASDWA, does a biennial survey of the US states and Canadian provinces/territories to determine which states and provinces/territories require by legislation, regulations, or policies that products and drinking water additives be evaluate
24、d by NSF/ANSI 60 and 61. Survey results from 2016 show adoption of NSF/ ANSI 60 by 48 states and nine provinces/territories, and adoption of NSF/ANSI 61 by 48 states and 11 provinces/territories. * Water Research Foundation, 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. Persons outside the United State
25、s should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accordance with NSF/A
26、NSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does
27、 not stipulate a total allowable concentration (TAC) or a specific product allowable concentration (SPAC) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The TACs and SPACs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity test
28、ing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B701 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processe
29、d water or to residual solids is becoming a problem of greater concern. Sec. 4.3.3 recommends that material covered by this standard be certified by an accredited agency for compliance with NSF/ANSI 60. As previously noted, most states and provinces/territories require that direct additives be certi
30、fied to NSF/ANSI 60. A user of this standard should consult with the state, province/territory, or local agency having jurisdiction for certification requirements, but the user may require certification even in the absence of such a requirement by the agency having jurisdiction. II. Special Issues.
31、II.A. Storage and Handling Precautions. NaF chemicals must be stored in a clean, dry location that is well ventilated. NaF has a tendency to compact or cake when exposed to moisture, when bags are stacked too high, or during long periods of storage. Bags of NaF should be stored on pallets in stacks
32、not more than six bags high. NaF is hazardous if swallowed or inhaled in large amounts. Ingestion of 45 g of fluoride ion (F ) per 150 lb (68 kg) body weight may be fatal. The inhalation of NaF dust should be avoided. Protective safety gear should be worn when handling NaF . The following protective
33、 clothing and equipment should be the minimum available: 1. A high-efficiency dust respirator (chemical mask) with a soft rubber face-to- mask seal and replaceable cartridges approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/Mine Safety Health Administration (NIOSH/MSHA). * * NIO
34、SH/MSHA approval is given to various masks. Each brand is evaluated by NIOSH/MSHA for the proposed use and conditions. Available from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226; or Mine Safety Health Administration, 201 T welfth Street Sout
35、h, Suite 401, Arlington, VA 22202-5450. Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. x 2. Gauntlet neoprene gloves (12-in. 305-mm minimum glove length). 3. Heavy-duty neoprene aprons. 4. Splash-proof goggles. Spills should be cleaned up immediately. Personnel should wash tho
36、roughly after handling fluoride chemicals. For additional safety aspects, refer to safety data sheets (SDSs) available from the chemical supplier or manufacturer. II.B. Upflow-Type Saturator Operations. The only fluoride product suitable for use in a saturator is NaF . 1. NaF will dissolve to satura
37、tion within a 5-min contact period with water having hardness content of less than 5075 mg/L as CaCO 3(3.04.5 gr. per gal) if a flow restrictor with a maximum flow of 2 gal per min is installed. Water with a total hardness of greater than 5075 mg/L as CaCO 3should be softened to reduce the hardness.
38、 2. The pressure of the incoming makeup water should be reduced to a range of 2080 psi during the fill cycle. A small water meter must be provided on the makeup water line for the saturator so that calculations can be made to confirm that the proper amounts of fluoride solution are being fed. This m
39、eter should be read daily and the results recorded. 3. The NaF bed should be maintained at a sufficient depth and the water should be limited to a rise rate that provides a minimum of 5 min contact before it emerges out of the bed into the saturator bulk-saturated solution. The minimum depth of the
40、NaF bed upon solution erosion should be 12 in. to maintain a sufficient bed depth to provide sufficient contact through the bed to achieve a saturated flow. The maximum bed depth should be 1824 in. to avoid compaction and flow constrictions through the bed. Marking the outside of the translucent the
41、rmoplastic saturator tank with fill and refill markings and turning on the inside saturator lamp momentarily will help the operator maintain the proper depth. The NaF should be replenished in the bed on a daily basis. A larger volume saturator should be considered if high usage rate erodes the bed d
42、epth within a few hours and frequent additions of NaF are necessary. 4. Fresh NaF should be added to the bed in a uniform pattern and not added only at one side of the saturator. After the fresh NaF is added, a 5-ft-long, 3/4-in.-dia. PVC schedule 80 pipe-stick with a glued-on cap, pole, or paddle i
43、mplement should be used to gently stir the bed contents to a uniform character and height. 5. Allow the saturator solution to settle (for a couple of minutes) so that excessive colloidal solids and particles are not suspended when pumping is resumed. If possible, adding the NaF when the water source is off line is preferable. Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
