1、AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2007An American National StandardStructuralWelding CodeStainless Steel550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2007An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteJanuary 4, 2007Structural Welding CodeStainless Steel2nd EditionSupersedes AW
2、S D1.6:1999Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) D1 Committee on Structural WeldingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis code covers the requirements for welding stainless steel structural assemblies.iiAWS D1.6/D1.6M:200
3、7International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-063-5American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2007 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
4、, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only
5、of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS D1.6/D1.6M:2007Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standar
6、ds (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standard
7、s are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by t
8、he governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or devia
9、tions from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS a
10、dministers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, orverify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to pro
11、perty, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished
12、 herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his
13、or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication
14、of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standa
15、rd.Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretatio
16、ns of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, M
17、iami, FL 33126 (see Annex K).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the
18、personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official
19、interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding. It must be reviewedevery five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions,or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of
20、use in improving this standard are required and should be addressedto AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D1 Committee on StructuralWelding and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests areinvited to atten
21、d all meetings of the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding to express their comments verbally.Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation ofthe Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the Americ
22、an Welding Society, 550N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS D1.6/D1.6M:2007vAWS D1.6/D1.6M:2007PersonnelAWS D1 Committee on Structural WeldingD. D. Rager, Chair Rager Consulting, IncorporatedD. K. Miller, 1st Vice Chair The Lincoln Electric CompanyA. W. Sindel, 2
23、nd Vice Chair Sindel and AssociatesJ. L. Gayler, Secretary American Welding SocietyN. J. Altebrando STV, IncorporatedF. G. Armao The Lincoln Electric CompanyE. L. Bickford Acute Technological ServicesF. C. Breismeister Strocal, IncorporatedB. M. Butler Walt Disney World CompanyH. H. Campbell, III Pa
24、zuzu EngineeringL. E. Collins Team Industries, IncorporatedR. B. Corbit Exelon Nuclear CorporationM. V. Davis ConsultantR. A. Dennis ConsultantM. A. Grieco Massachusetts Highway DepartmentC. R. Hess High Steel Structures, IncorporatedC. W. Holmes Modjeski and Masters, IncorporatedJ. H. Kiefer Conoco
25、PhillipsV. Kuruvilla Genesis Quality SystemsJ. Lawmon American Engineering the first edition was published in1999. This code is the product of a pool of experts arriving at a consensus position, in keeping with the AmericanNational Standard Institutes requirements.This code covers the requirements f
26、or welding stainless steel components other than pressure vessels or pressure piping.For many years, fabrications involving stainless steel welding have used AWS D1.1/D1.1M, Structural Welding CodeSteel, to provide the requirements for quality construction. However, as the AWS D1.1 document is writt
27、en for the car-bon and low alloy steels commonly encountered in structural fabrication, it does not explicitly address the unique re-quirements of the stainless steels. The AWS Structural Welding Committee thus recognized the industry need for anAWS D1.1 analogue designed for the welding of stainles
28、s steel wrought and cast shapes and plates.The most noticeable feature of D1.6 is the allowance of prequalified Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs) for theaustenitic stainless steels. This exemption from qualification testing is based on considerable experience with the mostwidely used stainless
29、 steels.Underlined text in the subclauses, tables, or figures indicates an editorial or technical change from the 1999 edition. Avertical line in the margin next to a figure indicates a revision from the 1999 edition. Changes to Clause 2 are not indicatedin the chapter since the substantial reorgani
30、zation of Clause 2 makes it too difficult to identify technical changes.The following is a summary of the most significant technical revisions contained in D1.6/D1.6M:2007:Clause 1 was reorganized to add elements found within AWS D1.1/D1.1M.Terms specific to this code were added in 1.3 for clarity.R
31、esponsibilities of parties involved in structural welding were clarified in 1.4.Clause 2 was rewritten to bring its design requirements into closer accord with AWS D1.1/D1.1M.The fatigue provisions in Clause 2 were revised.Provisions for fillet welds and plug and slot welds were added to Table 2.1 a
32、nd 2.2.The provisions for fillet welds and plug and slot welds in holes and slots in Clause 2 were revised.A comprehensive suggested filler metal chart for various combinations of stainless steels and other ferrous base metalswas added as an annex.New commentary for Clause 2 was added.Comments and s
33、uggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.viiiAWS D1.6/D1.6M:2007ixAWS D1.6/D1.6M:2007Table of ContentsPag
34、e No.PersonnelvForeword viiList of Tables xiiiList of Figuresxiv1. General Provisions11.1 Scope11.2 Base Metals 11.3 Terms and Definitions21.4 Responsibilities 21.5 Approval.31.6 Welding Symbols.31.7 Safety Precautions31.8 Standard Units of Measurement.31.9 Reference Documents 32. Design of Welded C
35、onnections5Part AGeneral Requirements52.0 General .52.1 Contract Plans and Specifications52.2 Eccentricity of Connections .62.3 Allowable Stresses .6Part BWeld Lengths and Areas 72.4 Effective Areas.72.5 Plug and Slots Welds .8Part CMiscellaneous Structural Details82.6 General .82.7 Filler Plates 82
36、.8 Lap Joints .92.9 Transitions of Butt Joints in Nontubular Connections.92.10 Transitions in Tubular Connections.92.11 Connections or Splices.92.12 Built-Up Members in Statically Loaded Structures.102.13 Noncontinuous Beams .102.14 Specific Requirements for Cyclically Loaded Structures 102.15 Combi
37、nations of Different Types of Welds.112.16 Skewed T-Joints.113. Prequalification.173.0 Scope17Part AGeneral Requirements173.1 Limitation of Variables for Prequalified WPSs .173.2 Combination of WPSs17xPage No.AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2007Part BPrequalified Processes173.3 General .173.4 Welding Processes .183.
38、5 Other Welding Processes .18Part CBase Metals 183.6 Base Metals for Prequalified WPSs .183.7 Auxiliary Component Base Metals 183.8 Base Metal for Weld Tabs and Backing 18Part DPrequalified Filler Metals, Fluxes, and Gases183.9 Filler Metals .183.10 Electrodes for SMAW193.11 Electrodes and Fluxes fo
39、r SAW.193.12 Consumables for GMAW, GTAW, and FCAW 19Part EWeld Sizes for Prequalified Joints203.13 General .203.14 Prequalified Fillet Welds .203.15 Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) Groove Welds in Nontubular Connections 203.16 Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) Groove Welds in
40、 Tubular Connections 213.17 Prequalified Flare-Bevel Groove Sizes213.18 Prequalified Skewed Joints 213.19 Prequalified Plug and Slot Weld Sizes 213.20 Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) Groove Welds in Nontubular Connections.213.21 Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) Groove Weld
41、s in Tubular Connections 21Part FPrequalified Nontubular Joint Details.213.22 General .213.23 Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) Groove Welds .223.24 Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) Groove Welds223.25 Plug and Slot Welds.223.26 Flare-Bevel Groove Welds.22Part GPrequalified Tubular Joint Details .223.2
42、7 General .223.28 Prequalified Joints23Part HPrequalified WPS Requirements233.29 General .233.30 Plug and Slot Welds.244. Qualification73Part AWPS Qualification Requirements 734.1 General .734.2 Essential Variables for WPS Qualification744.3 WPS Qualification Requirements 744.4 Fillet Welds 744.5 Te
43、sts Required for Groove and Fillet Welds .744.6 Types, Purposes, and Acceptance Criteria of Tests for WPS Qualification 74Part BPerformance Qualification Requirements for Welders and Welding Operators764.7 General .764.8 Limitation of Variables for Welder Performance Qualification 774.9 Limitation o
44、f Variables for Welding Operator Performance Qualification.774.10 Types, Purposes, and Acceptance Criteria of Tests and Examinations for Welders andWelding Operators .78xiPage No.AWS D1.6/D1.6M:20074.11 Overlay Requirements795. Fabrication 1155.0 General .1155.1 Responsibilities 1155.2 Preparation o
45、f Base Metal1155.3 Assembly1165.4 Assembly Tolerances .1175.5 Distortion of Members .1175.6 Groove Weld Backing1185.7 Tack Welds and Temporary Welds1185.8 Peening.1185.9 Weld Termination 1185.10 Weld Cleaning1185.11 Weld Profiles1195.12 Weld Metal Removal and Repair.1195.13 Base Metal Repairs by Wel
46、ding.1195.14 Mislocated Holes1205.15 Inaccessibility of Unacceptable Welds 1205.16 Postweld Heat Treatment and Recommendations .1206. Inspection 125Part AGeneral Requirements1256.1 General .1256.2 Inspection Personnel Qualification 1256.3 Inspection and Verification of Materials .1266.4 Verification
47、 of Procedure Qualification Record (PQR), Welding Procedure Specification (WPS),and Performance Qualification 1266.5 Inspection and Verification of Work and Records.1266.6 Obligations of the Contractor.1176.7 Nondestructive Testing 1176.8 Extent of Testing128Part BRadiographic Testing of Groove Weld
48、s in Butt Joints.1286.9 General .1286.10 Radiographic Procedures .1286.11 Acceptability of Welds.1306.12 Examination, Report, and Disposition of Radiographs130Part CUltrasonic Testing (UT) of Groove Welds.1306.13 General .1306.14 UT Operator Requirements1316.15 UT Equipment1316.16 UT Procedure .1336
49、.17 Reference Standard 1346.18 Calibration Methods.1346.19 Scanning Patterns and Methods .1356.20 Weld Discontinuity Characterization Methods1356.21 Weld Discontinuity Sizing and Location Methods 1356.22 Interpretation Problems With Discontinuities1366.23 Weld Classes and Amplitude Level .1376.24 Acceptance-Rejection Criteria .1376.25 Preparation and Disposition of Reports .137xiiPage No.AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2007Part DOther Examination Methods 1386.26 General .1386.27 Radiation Imaging Systems Including Real-Time Imaging.138Part EQuality of Welds.1396.28 Quality of WeldsStat
