1、Manual of Water Supply practiceS50M1P-2E-1M-30050-5/07-SBAWWAistheauthoritativeresourceforknowledge,informationandadvocacytoimprovethequalityandsupplyofwaterinNorthAmericaandbeyond.AWWAisthelargestorganizationofwaterprofessionalsintheworld.AWWAadvancespublichealth,safetyandwelfarebyunitingtheefforts
2、ofthefullspectrumoftheentirewatercommunity.Throughourcollectivestrengthwebecomebetterstewardsofwaterforthegreatestgoodofthepeopleandtheenvironment. Advocacy Communications Conferences EducationandTrainingScience and Technology SectionsThe Authoritative Resource on Safe Water This comprehensive, how-
3、to manual and guide demonstrates how to produce a long-term Integrated Resource Plan for a water utility. It covers all resource planning issues, from estimating future water demand and evaluating possible new sources of water to involving stakeholders in the planning process and dealing with expand
4、ing environmental regulations.This second edition significantly enhances the basis of water resource planning provided in the first edition, and emphasizes the role of successful public involvement in water resource planning. The second edition also includes a new section on conjunctive use as a wat
5、er source option, updates on drinking water regulation, and provides additional case studies.Second EditionWater Resources PlanningWaterResourcesPlanningM5030033 Cover 1.indd 1 4/19/2007 2:09:01 PMScience and TechnologyAWWA unites the entire water community by developing and distributing authoritati
6、ve scientific and technologicalknowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance publichealth and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities.Water Resources PlanningAWWA MANUAL M50Second EditionMAN
7、UAL OF WATER SUPPLY PRACTICESM50, Second EditionWater Resources PlanningCopyright 2001, 2007 American Water Works AssociationAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any
8、information or retrieval system,except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permissionof the publisher.DisclaimerThe authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of thecontent or any consequences of their
9、use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special,incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. Inparticular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred asa result of lost revenue. In
10、 no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase ofthis book.Project Manager and Technical Editor: Melissa ValentineProduction: Claro SystemsManuals Coordinator: Beth BehnerLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataWater resources planning. -2nd ed.p. cm. - (AWWA manua
11、l ; M50)Preparation of the manual managed by William O. Maddaus.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-58321-471-21. Water-supply-Planning. 2. Water consumption-Forecasting. 3. Water resourcesdevelopment. 4. Water-supply-United States-Planning-Case studies. I. Maddaus,William O.TD345.W
12、2685 2007363.61-dc222006052622Printed in the United States of AmericaAmerican Water Works Association6666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80235ISBN 1-58321-471-2Printed on recycled paperContentsiiiList of Figures, viiList of Tables, xiForeword, xiiiAcknowledgments, xvChapter 1 Introduction to Water Res
13、ources Planning . 1The Water Resources Planning Process, 2References, 11Chapter 2 Public Involvement for Water Resources Planning 13Introduction, 13Planning for Public Involvement, 15Prepare Public Involvement Work Plan, 18Implement the Public Involvement Plan, 20Case Studies, 22Supplement to Chapte
14、r 2, 35Public Consultation Addressing Historic/Cultural Resource and Environmental Justice Issues, 35Public Involvement and Consultation Regarding Historic and Cultural Resources, 35Public Involvement and Consultation Regarding Environmental Justice, 36Consultation/Collaboration with Federally Recog
15、nized Native AmericanTribes, 37Chapter 3 Water Demand Forecasting 41Forecasting Methods, 43Data Requirements, 47Identifying Water Use Patterns, 52Compiling a Demographic Database, 60Naturally Occurring and Programmed Conservation, 61Identify System Losses, 63Complete the Integrated Forecast Model, 6
16、3Sensitivity Analysis, 67Summary, 71Suggested Additional Readings, 72Supplement to Chapter 3: Summary of IWA Best Practices for Water Loss Control, 76Features of International Water Audit Methodology, 76Magnitude of Savings Potential, 77Major Components of Effective Loss Control, 78Chapter 4 Water R
17、ights and Policy 81General Water Rights, 82Federal Water Rights, 86ivThe Public Trust Doctrine, 88AWWA Water Policy, 90Water Quality Impacts to Water Rights, 91Suggested Additional Readings, 93Chapter 5 Evaluation of Surface Water and Groundwater Sources . 95Surface Water, 95Groundwater, 103Aquifer
18、Storage and Recovery Wells, 107Conjunctive Use of Groundwater and Surface Wells, 112Identification of Timing and Magnitude of New Source Development, 115References, 117Chapter 6 Evaluation of Other Sources . 119Conservation, 119Reclaimed Water, 138Project Siting, 146Desalination, 151Water Marketing
19、and Transfers, 162References, 168Chapter 7 Water Quality 171The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Quality, 171Surface Water Quality, 172Groundwater Quality, 172Physical, Chemical, and Biological Components Influencing Water Quality, 173Sources of Contaminant Loading in Water, 177Water Quality Sampling and
20、Monitoring, 181Summary, 184Suggested Additional Readings, 184Chapter 8 Hydrologic Modeling . 187Hydrologic Models: What, Why, How, and When, 188Hydrologic Models and Their Use, 191Models and the Hydrologic Cycle, 195Hydrologic Models: Data, Calibration, Sensitivity, and Errors, 211Suggested Addition
21、al Readings, 226Chapter 9 Regulatory Issues . 227Clean Water Act, 228Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2301986 Amendments, 2351996 Amendments, 240Summary, 246References, 259Chapter 10 Environmental Impact Analysis 261Environmental Impact Planning, 261Preparing Environmental Impact Documentation, 264
22、Information in Environmental Impact Documents, 268Permits and Approvals in the Environmental Process, 270vChapter 11 Watershed Management and Groundwater Protection . 275Surface Water Source Protection, 276Groundwater Source Protection, 286References, 297Chapter 12 Economic Feasibility . 299Multiobj
23、ective Decisions: Economics as One of Several Objectives, 299Economic Factors, 299Economic Variables: Costs and Benefits, 300Time and Discount Rate, 305Comparison Methodologies, 308Summary, 313Chapter 13 Integrated Resource Planning . 315Overview of the IRP Process, 316Plan Outline, 322Forming Resou
24、rce Combinations, 327Evaluating Resource Combinations, 330Selecting and Implementing a Plan, 334References, 339Chapter 14 Case Studies 341Case Study #1: City of Newport News, VA and the King William Reservoir Project, 342Case Study #2: Case Study for Regional Water Planning in Texas, 345Case Study #
25、3: Portland, Oregon, Regional Water Supply Plan, 347Case Study #4: City of Colorado Springs, Colorado, Integrated ResourcePlan, 348Case Study #5: Denver, Colorado, Metropolitan Area, 349Case Study #6: KentuckyAmerican Water Companys Integrated Resource Plan, 353Case Study #7: Wichita, Kansas, Integr
26、ated Resource Plan, 355Case Study #8: Ware Creek Reservoir, Virginia, 356Case Study #9: Southern Nevada Water Authority Integrated ResourcePlan, 357Case Study #10: Eugene, Oregon, Water and Electric Board Water SupplyPlan, 361Appendix A Preliminary Cost Guide for Water Supply Dams 365Selecting the A
27、ppropriate Dam Type, 365Establishing Dam Profile Layout, 366Profile Layout and Basis for Estimating Quantity, 367Earth Fill Dam AssessmentPreliminary Layout and Opinion of Cost, 370Earth DamOpinion of Cost, 372Appendix B A White Paper From the American Water Works Association Source Water Protection
28、 (approved April 11, 1997) . 373Statement of Principles, 373The Road to a Source Water Protection Program, 374Developing Resources For Source Water Protection, 375Recommendations, 375viAppendix C State Wellhead and Source Water Protection ContactList 377Index, 379List of AWWA Manuals, 391viiFigures1
29、1 Water resources planning process, 331 Information flow in forecast model, 4232 Single family residentialtypical seasonal index, Mesa, Ariz., area, 5533 Effect of weather on consumption, typical to Mesa, Ariz., area, 5634 Illustration of single family residence water use model components, water uti
30、lity in Tualatin Valley Water District, Beaverton, Ore., 5935 Illustration of monthly forecasting with conservation; water utility in Tualatin Valley Water District, Beaverton, Ore., 6436 Total historical forecasts with and without conservation for rapidly growing utility in the Phoenix, Ariz., area
31、 (includes system water losses), 6537 Total and indoor water history and projection, excluding water losses, including natural and programmed conservation, for rapidly growing utility in Phoenix, Ariz., area, 6638 Forecasting sensitivity related to joint probability of water use and household projec
32、tions, 703S1 The International Standard Water Audit Format, 7651 Safe yield of on-stream sites, 10052 Safe yield of pumped-storage sites, 10161 Mean daily per capita water use, 12 study sites, 12462 Indoor per capita use percent by fixture, 12 study sites, 12563 Determine market penetration, 12964 E
33、xample of delay downsize facility based on demand forecast accounting for conservation effects, 13065 Benefitcost analysis methodology, 13266 Demand forecast with and without water conservation, 13367 Wastewater hydrograph, 14268 Supply sized for average month demand, 14369 Supply sized for daily de
34、mand, 144610 Integrated/satellite system layout, 149611 Basic electrodialysis unit (adopted from USDI, 1982), 154612 Typical regulatory compliance plan procedure, 161viii71 Point source pollution, 17972 Nonpoint source pollution, 18081 Model: activities sequence and utilities, 19082 Datadecision hie
35、rarchy, 19283 Hydrologic cycle, 19684 Schematic of hydrologic cycle, 19885.1 Developing successful models, step 1: Determine need for a model (Is a model needed?), 21985.2 Developing successful models, step 2: Select a model, 22085.3a Developing successful models, step 3: Build a model, 22185.3b Dev
36、eloping successful models, step 3: Build a model (continued), 22285.3c Developing successful models, step 3: Build a model (continued), 22385.4 Developing successful models, step 4: Calibrate the model, 22485.5 Developing successful models, step 5: Perform sensitivity analysis, 22585.6 Developing su
37、ccessful models, step 6: Use a model, 22591 Permit process flowcharts, 231111 Watershed protection plan development and implementation flowchart, 277112 Watershed area (USEPA, 1997b), 293113 Watershed areasegmented for assessments (USEPA, 1997b), 294131 Integrated resource planning, 318132a Integrat
38、ed resource planningwhy?, 319132b Integrated resource plan, 321133 Water resources management planning study framework, 321134 Example of service reliability probability distribution for a specific futureyear, 333135 Consideration and ranking of many alternatives is a feature of integrated resource
39、planning, 336136 Determining the optimum (least-cost) level of water supply reliability, 337137 Effect of environmental costs on water supply reliability, 338A1 Dam profile layout, 367A2 Profile layout for estimating quantity, 368A3 Typical RCC dam geometry, 368ixA4 RCC unit cost, 369A5 Earth fill u
40、nit cost, 371This page intentionally blankxiTables31 Example of water demands for raw water customers with per capita useSan Francisco Bay area agency, 5232 Example of baseline demand for treated water customers, disaggregated by customer type and land use, 533S1 City of Philadelphia 1991 Water Audi
41、t; Summary Performance Results, 7741 Summary of water rights of the 50 states, 8342 Comparison of riparian and appropriation water rights systems, 8661 Overview of benefits, 12162 Energy used to deliver water, 12263 How water system elements are affected by consumption, 12264 How wastewater system e
42、lements are affected by conservation, 12365 Characteristics of significant CI categories in five participating agencies, 12666 Efficiency benchmarks for schools, 12767 Unit water savings of conservation measures, 13168 Examples of drought plan conditions, 13769 Example industrial wastewater constitu
43、ents*, 139610 Reclaimed water use by treatment level, 141611 Water reclamation plant flexibility and reliability requirements, 148612 Representative water reclamation capital costs, 150613 Desalination process chart, 152614 Pretreatment methods for desalination systems, 15271 Water states and qualit
44、ative characteristics, 17872 Summary of the minimum parameters to be analyzed in water quality tests (Bloetscher, et al., 2005; AWWA, 2003), 18481 Interception percentages for various crops and forests, 20182 Representative values of vegetation parameter “a”, 20583 Representative values of infiltrat
45、ion capacities, 20684 Groundwater terms, definitions, and representative values of parameters, 20791 Removalinactivation as a function of raw water contamination, 237xii92 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (current contaminant listings can be found at http:/www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminan
46、ts/index.html), 24893 National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, 1998, 259111 Categories of water quality threats, 282112 Threat assessment, 284113 Number of public water systems in the United States, 288114 Population served by public water system type in the United States, 288115 Community wat
47、er systems by source in the United States, 288116 Advantages and disadvantages of WRP delineation methods, 290131 Utility experience with IRP, 317132 Comparison of traditional supply planning and IRP, 322133 Model drought demand management plan, 328134 Evaluation of resource sequences, 335A1 Conside
48、rations for selecting dam type, 366A2 Embankment dam alternative layout selection factors, 370xiiiForewordThis publication is the second edition of the American Water WorksAssociation (AWWA) Manual M50, Water Resources Planning, originally publishedin 2001. The manual provides information on how to
49、develop a plan for new watersupplies to accommodate projected future water demands.This second edition significantly enhances the basis of water resource planningprovided in the first edition. Additions and improvements include:Emphasizes the role of successful public involvement in water resourceplanning with a new chapter on the topic.Expanded treatment of water losses in the Water Demand
