1、Air-Valves: Air-Release, Air/Vacuum and Combination M51 Second Edition Manual of Water Supply PracticesAmerican Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-62576-176-7 eISBN-13 978-1-61300-387-9 Manual of Water Sup
2、ply PracticesM51, Second Edition Air Valves: Air-Release, Air/Vacuum and Combination Copyright 2001, 2016 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitt ed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, re
3、cording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the writt en permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any
4、consequences of its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a res
5、ult of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. If you nd errors in this manual, please email booksawwa.org. Possible errata will be posted at www. awwa.org/resources-tools/resource.development.groups/manuals-program.aspx. Managing Editor-
6、Book Products: Melissa Valentine Production: Janice Benight Cover design: Melanie Yamamoto Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ballun, John V., author. | American Water Works Association, issuing body. Title: Air-release, air/vacuum, and combination air valves / by John V. Ball
7、un. Other titles: AWWA manual ; M51. Description: Second edition. | Denver, CO : American Water Works Association, 2016 | Series: Manual of water supply practices ; M51 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identi ers: LCCN 2016019688 | ISBN 9781625761767 Subjects: LCSH: Water-pipes-Valve
8、s | Air valves. Classi cation: LCC TD491 .B34 2016 | DDC 628.1/5-dc23 LC record available at htt ps:/lccn.loc.gov/2016019688AWWA Manual M51 iii Contents Figures, v Tables, vii Preface, ix Acknowledgments, xi Chapter 1 Introduction .1 Occurrence and Effect of Air and Wastewater Gases in Liquid Piping
9、 Systems, 1 Sources of Air and Wastewater Gases in Liquid Piping Systems, 3 Air and Wastewater Gas Pocket Behavior in Pipelines, 3 References, 4 Chapter 2 Types of Air Valves 7 Air-Release Valves, 7 Air/Vacuum Valves, 8 Combination Air Valves, 10 Air Valve Optional Devices, 12 Chapter 3 Locating Air
10、 Valves Along a Liquid Piping System at Filling, Steady State Flow, and Drainage 17 Liquid Piping System Locations, 17 Suggested Locations and Type, 19 Chapter 4 Design of Valve Ori ce Size .23 Sizing for Releasing Air and Wastewater Gases Under Pressure, 23 Orifice Sizing Method for Releasing Air a
11、nd Wastewater Gases, 24 Sizing for Liquid Piping System Filling, 26 Sizing for Liquid Piping System Draining, 28 Sizing for Gravity Flow, 28 Orifice Sizing for Partial Rupture, 33 Sizing for Vacuum Conditions, 34 Air-Release Valve Selection, 35 Air/Vacuum Valve Selection, 36 Combination Air Valve Se
12、lection, 37 References, 38 Chapter 5 Water Hammer E ects .41 Air/Vacuum and Combination Air Valves, 41 Air Valves at Vertical Turbine or Well Pumps, 42 Air Valves in Liquid Piping Systems, 42 References, 44 Chapter 6 Installation, Operation, Maintenance, and Safety .45 Installation, 45 Operation and
13、 Maintenance, 53 Safety, 53 References, 54iv AWWA Manual M51 Bibliography, 55 Index, 57 AWWA Manuals, 61v AWWA Manual M51 Figure 1-1 Air and wastewater gas pocket in a pipeline, 3 Figure 1-2 An air valve installed on the outlet of a pump and upstream of the check valve, 4 Figure 2-1 Air-release valv
14、es, 8 Figure 2-2 Air/vacuum valves, 9 Figure 2-3 Single-body combination air valves, 10 Figure 2-4 Dual-body combination air valves, 11 Figure 2-5 Dual-body combination air valve (3 in. 80 mm and smaller) for water service, bottom-mounted, 11 Figure 2-6 Backwash connections, 12 Figure 2-7 Air/vacuum
15、 and combination air valves with slow-closing device, 13 Figure 2-8 Two examples of throttling devices, 14 Figure 2-9 Installation of a throttling device, 14 Figure 2-10 Air valve with vacuum check device on the outlet, 15 Figure 2-11 A single-body combination air valve mounted on a pipe header, 15
16、Figure 3-1 Sample liquid piping system profile illustrating typical air valve locations, 18 Figure 3-2 Siphon with an air valve, 20 Figure 3-3 Siphon make-and-break air valve with flow paddle, 21 Figure 3-4 Penstock, 21 Figure 4-1 Inflow of air for gravity flow, SCFM, 29 Figure 4-2 Example of air va
17、lve locations for gravity flow along a pipe, 32 Figure 4-3 Vacuum breaker with air-release valve, 35 Figure 5-1 Air/vacuum valve or combination air valve at a well pump, 43 Figure 6-1 Installation of an air valve with shutoff valve, 46 Figure 6-2 Automatic freeze protection valve, 48 Figure 6-3 Belo
18、wground air valve vault installation of a combination air valve (not subject to flooding), 49 Figure 6-4 Custom vault installation of a combination air valve for servicing aboveground, 50 Figure 6-5 Vault installation of a combination air valve with plumbed exhaust, 51 Figure 6-6 Vault installation
19、with freeze and flood protection, 52 FiguresThis page intentionally blank.vii AWWA Manual M51 1-1 Velocities required to scour air and wastewater gases from pipelines, 2 4-1 Air and wastewater gases capacity table (SCFM L/sec) of air-release valve orifices (C d= 0.6), 25 4-2 Air and wastewater gas d
20、ischarge table (SCFM L/sec) of large orifices (C d= 0.6, T = 60F (15.5C), and sea level), 27 4-3 Air inflow table of large orifices (SCFM L/sec) (C d= 0.6), 30 4-4 Nominal areas of single and multiple air valves, 37 TablesThis page intentionally blank.ix AWWA Manual M51 This manual is a guide for se
21、lecting, sizing, locating, and installing air valves in water and wastewater applications. Water includes raw water, potable water, and reclaimed waste- water that has been treated. Wastewater is a combination of used liquid and liquid-carried waste from residences, commercial buildings, industrial
22、plants, and institutions, together with any groundwater infiltration, surface water, and stormwater that may enter the col- lection system. The manual is a discussion of recommended practice, not an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It provides guidance on generally available methods
23、 and capacity information. Questions about specific situations or applicability of specific valves should be directed to the manufacturer or supplier. Information contained in this manual is useful to operators, technicians, and engi- neers for gaining a basic understanding of the use and applicatio
24、n of air valves. There are many special liquid piping systems that are beyond the scope of the methodology given in this manual and may require special tools such as computer programs for analysis of hydraulic transients. The valve capacity information is generic information. Actual capac- ity chart
25、s of the intended manufacturers valve should be consulted before making the final selection of valve size and options. The manual provides information only on the air valve types listed in ANSI/AWWA Standard C512, latest edition, including the following: Air-release valve Air/vacuum valve Combinatio
26、n air valve Vacuum breakers, slow-closing devices, and throttling devices are also discussed in this manual. Other sources of information should be consulted for the use and application of these devices. This second edition includes new or revised information pertaining to wastewater applications, p
27、enstocks, slow-closing devices, throttling devices, and vault products for freeze and flood protection. Also, new and alternate air valve sizing methodologies were added for partial rupture gravity flow and air-release valves. Manufacturers graciously provided valve illustrations and other documenta
28、tion. AWWA does not endorse any manufacturers products, and the names of the manufactur- ers have been removed from the material provided. PrefaceThis page intentionally blank.xi AWWA Manual M51 The AWWA Standards Subcommittee on the Air Valve Manual M51, which developed this manual, had the followi
29、ng personnel at the time of approval. John V. Ballun, Chair D. Alexander, Cla-Val Company, Costa Mesa, Calif. (AWWA) J.V. Ballun, Val-Matic Valve & Manufacturing Corporation, Elmhurst, Ill. (AWWA) J.J. Cusack Jr., Bryant Associates, Braintree, Mass. (AWWA) R. DiLorenzo, Mundelein, Ill. (AWWA) D.M. F
30、lancher,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) F.H. Hanson, Albert A. Webb Associates, Riverside, Calif. (AWWA) R. Kadava, Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Mo. (AWWA) L. Larson, DeZURIK-APCO-Hilton Inc., Sartell, Minn. (AWWA) B.J. Lewis, Crispin Multiplex Manufacturing Company, Berwick
31、, Pa. (AWWA) M. MacConnell, Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, B.C., Canada (AWWA) D.L. McPherson, HDR Engineering Inc., Charlotte, N.C. (AWWA) W.J. Nicholl, GA Industries, LLC, Cranberry Township, Pa. (AWWA) T. OShea, DeZURIK-APCO-Hilton Inc., Schaumberg, Ill. (AWWA) L.J. Ruffin, Ruffin Companies, Orlando,
32、Fla. (AWWA) J.H. Wilber, American AVK, Littleton, Colo. (AWWA) N. Zloczower, A.R.I. Flow Control Accessories, Israel (AWWA) The AWWA Standards Committee on Air Valves, which developed and approved this manual, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Miles E. Wollam, Chair General Intere
33、st Members A. Ali, ADA Consulting Ltd., Surrey, B.C., Canada (AWWA) J.H. Bambei Jr., Denver Water Department, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) D.E. Barr, ms consultants inc., Columbus, Ohio (AWWA) J.J. Cusack Jr., Bryant Associates, Braintree, Mass. (AWWA) R. DiLorenzo, Mundelein, Ill. (AWWA) D.M. Flancher,* St
34、andards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) R.G. Fuller, HDR Engineering Inc., Denver, Colo. (AWWA) F.H. Hanson, Albert A. Webb Associates, Riverside, Calif. (AWWA) D.L. McPherson, HDR Engineering Inc., Charlotte, N.C. (AWWA) Acknowledgments * Liaison, non-voting Alternatexii AWWA Manual M5
35、1 W.L. Meinholz, AB&H, A Donahue Group, Chicago, Ill. (AWWA) J.W. Snead II, JQ Infrastructure, Dallas, Texas (AWWA) T.J. Stolinski Jr., Black & Veatch Corporation, Kansas City, Mo. (AWWA) M. Stuhr, *Standards Council Liaison, City of Portland, Portland, Ore. (AWWA) R.J. Wahanik, Hystras, Wyommissing
36、, Pa. (AWWA) R.A. Ward, Tighe & Bind, Westfield, Mass. (AWWA) M.E. Wollam, MWH Global, Pasadena, Calif. (AWWA) Producer Members D. Alexander, Cla-Val Company, Costa Mesa, Calif. (AWWA) J.V. Ballun, Val-Matic Valve & Manufacturing Corporation, Elmhurst, Ill. (AWWA) L. Larson, DeZURIK-APCO-Hilton Inc.
37、, Sartell, Minn. (AWWA) B.J. Lewis, Crispin Multiplex Manufacturing Company, Berwick, Pa. (AWWA) J.D. Milroy, Henry Pratt Company, Aurora, Ill. (AWWA) W.J. Nicholl, GA Industries, LLC, Cranberry Township, Pa. (AWWA) T. OShea, DeZURIK-APCO-Hilton Inc., Schaumberg, Ill. (AWWA) J.M. Radtke, Aqua-Dynami
38、c Systems Inc., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. (AWWA) K. Sorenson, A.R.I. Flow Control Accessories, South Jordan, Utah (AWWA) J.H. Wilber, American AVK, Littleton, Colo. (AWWA) N. Zloczower, A.R.I. Flow Control Accessories, Israel (AWWA) User Members L. Aguiar, Miami Dade Water and Sewer Department, Miami, Fla.
39、(AWWA) R. Crum, City of Titusville, Titusville, Fla. (AWWA) N.E. Gronlund, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, Calif. (AWWA) M. MacConnell, Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, B.C., Canada (AWWA) P. Ries, Denver Water Department, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) B. Schade, WaterOne, Lenexa, Kan. (AWWA) M.I. Sch
40、wartz, Loudoun Water, Ashburn, Va. (AWWA) J.A. Wilke, Seattle Public Utilities, Seattle, Wash. (AWWA) Alternate * Liaison 1 AWWA MANUAL M51 Chapter 1 Introduction Air valves are hydromechanical devices designed to automatically release air and waste- water gases or admit air during the filling, drai
41、ning, or operation of liquid piping systems for water and wastewater services. The safe and efficient operation of a liquid piping sys- tem is dependent on the continual removal of air and wastewater gases from the liquid piping system. This chapter includes an explanation of the effects of air and
42、wastewater gases and their sources in liquid piping systems. OCCURRENCE AND EFFECT OF AIR AND WASTEWATER GASES IN LIQUID PIPING SYSTEMS Water contains approximately 2 percent dissolved air or gas by volume at standard con- ditions (14.7 psia 101 kPa absolute and 60F 16C) (Dean 1992) but can contain
43、more, depending on the liquid pressure and temperature within the liquid piping system. Wastewater systems can also contain more undissolved air and wastewater gases due to the decomposition of materials in the wastewater. Dissolved air and wastewater gases can come out of solution in pumps and in d
44、ifferent locations along the liquid pip- ing system where turbulence, hydraulic jumps, and other pressure variation phenomena occur. Once out of solution, air and wastewater gases will not readily dissolve and will collect in pockets at high points along the liquid piping system. Air and wastewater
45、gases come out of solution in a liquid piping system due to low- pressure zones created by partially open valves, cascading flow in a partially filled pipe, variations in flow velocity caused by changing pipe diameters or slopes, and changes in pipe elevation. Entrained air that reaches water servic
46、e connections may be detrimental to the customers water systems. An air and wastewater gas pocket may reduce the flow of liquid in a liquid piping system by reducing the cross-sectional flow area of the pipe, and if the volume of the air and wastewater gas pocket is sufficient, complete binding of t
47、he liquid piping system is possible, stopping the flow of liquid (Karassik et al. 2007).2 AIR VALVES: AIR-RELEASE, AIR/VACUUM AND COMBINATION AWWA Manual M51 The velocity of the flow of liquid past an enlarging pocket of air and wastewater gases may only be sufficient to carry part of the pocket of
48、air and wastewater gases down- stream unless the liquid velocity is greater than the critical velocity for transporting air and wastewater gases in that particular pipe diameter (Escarameia et al. 2005). The velocity needed to scour a pocket of air and wastewater gases in larger piping systems (e.g.
49、, 24 in. 610 mm) may be as high as 7 .1 ft/sec 2.2 m/sec at a 5 percent slope as shown in Table 1-1 (Jones et al. 2008). Although the flow velocity of the liquid may prevent the liquid piping system from complete air and wastewater gas binding, the pockets of air and wastewater gases will increase head loss in the liquid piping system (Edmunds 1979). As shown in Figure 1-1, a pocket of air and wastewater gas can reduce the flow in the pipe to d and create head loss equal to H Ldue to the restricted cross section. Additional head loss in a
