1、Manual of Water Supply practiceS M9 9 M 1P-3E-1.25M-30009-10/08-SB AWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in the world. AWWA advances p
2、ublic health, safety, and welfare by uniting the efforts of the full spectrum of the entire water community. Through our collective strength, we become better stewards of water for the greatest good of the people and the environment. AdvocacyCommunicationsConferencesEducation and TrainingScience and
3、 TechnologySections The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water Concrete Pressure Pipe Concrete Pressure Pipe Third Edition D esigned for engineers, designers, contractors, and utility operators, this comprehensive operations manual explains the design, selection, specification, installation, and testi
4、ng of concrete pressure pipe in potable water service. M9, Concrete Pressure Pipe, covers everything about concrete water pipe: types, engineering, hydraulics, surge pressure, external loads, bedding, and backfilling. It also includes proper installation guidelines and safety practices for transport
5、ing concrete pipe. Cover photo courtesy of the American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association. 30009 Cover2.indd 1 9/23/2008 4:10:23 PMConcrete Pressure Pipe AWWA MANUAL M9 Third Edition Copyright 2008 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.MANUAL OF WATER SUPPL Y PRACTICES M9, Third Edi
6、tion Concrete Pressure Pipe Copyright 1979, 1995, 2008 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, exc
7、ept in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of their use. In no event will AWWA be l
8、iable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liabil
9、ity exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. Project Manager and Technical Editor: Franklin S. Kurtz Production: Melanie Schiff Manual Coordinator: Beth Behner Unless otherwise noted, all photographs used in this manual are provided courtesy of the American Concrete Pressure Pipe Associ
10、ation.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Concrete pressure pipe. - 3rd ed.p. cm. - (AWWA manual ; M9)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-58321-549-21. Water-pipes. 2. Pipe, Concrete. 3. Pressure vessels. I. American Water Works Association.TD491.C66 2008628.15-dc2220
11、08010413Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235 ISBN 1-58321-549-2 978-1-58321-549-4 Copyright 2008 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. e-ISBN: 978-1-61300-071-7Errata to AWWA Manual M9, Concrete Pressure Pi
12、pe, 3rd ed. (July 2013) 1. On pages 130, 142, and 152, the equation Eq 9-5B should read: W e= D o H 12 + 1 4 D 2 o 12 2 2 2. On page 132, (D o= pipe outside diameter, ft) should read: D o= pipe outside diameter, in. 3. On page 136, Table 9-1, soil friction ( = 0.5) in the Soil Properties column for
13、Soil Type IV should read: = 0.4 Ideal crop marks Copyright 2008 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iii Contents List of Figures, vii List of Tables, xi Acknowledgments, xiii Chapter 1 Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14、 . . . . . . 1 Chapter 2 Description of Concrete Pressure Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe (ANSI/AWWA C301-Type Pipe), 3 Reinforced Concrete Cylinder Pipe (ANSI/AWWA C300-Type Pipe), 7 Reinforced Concrete Noncylinder Pipe (ANSI/AWW
15、A C302-Type Pipe), 8 Concrete Bar-Wrapped Cylinder Pipe (ANSI/AWWA C303-Type Pipe) , 10 Fittings and Special Pipe, 11 Reference, 12 Chapter 3 Hydraulics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Flow Formulas, 13 Effects of Aging on Ca
16、rrying Capacity, 20 Head Losses, 20 Determining an Economical Pipe Diameter, 21 Air Entrapment and Release, 25 Blowoff Outlets, 25 References, 25 Chapter 4 Surge Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Equations and Variables, 27
17、Negative Pressures, 30 Causes of Surge Pressure, 30 Control of Water Hammer, 31 References, 32 Chapter 5 External Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Major Installation Classifications, 33 Trench Conduits, 33 Embankment Conduits
18、, 37 Positive Projection Installations, 37 Earth Loads on Large Diameter ANSI/AWWA C303 Pipe, 41 Copyright 2008 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iv Negative Projection Installations, 42 Induced Trench Installations, 44 Jacked or Tunneled Conduits, 47 Determination of Live Load,
19、48 References, 56 Chapter 6 Bedding and Backfilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Introduction, 57 Rigid Pipe, 57 Semirigid Pipe, 59 Unstable Foundations, 60 References, 61 Chapter 7 Design of Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Information Required for Pipe Design, 63 Design Procedure for Rigid Pipe (ANSI/AWWA C300- and C302-Type Pipe), 64 Design Procedure for Semirigid Pipe (ANSI/AWWA C303-Type Pipe), 86 References, 93 Chapter 8 Design of Fittings and Appurtenances . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Fit tings, 95 Fit tings Design, 98 Specials , 117 References, 119 Chapter 9 Design of Thrust Restraints for Buried Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Thrust Forces, 121 Hydrostatic Thrust, 121 Thrust Resistance, 123 Thrust Blocks, 124 Joints
22、 With Small Deflections, 126 Tied Joints, 132 Design Examples, 141 Combination Thrust-Restraint System, 167 Other Uses for Restraints, 170 References, 171 Chapter 10 Design of Pipe on Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Loads, 173 Copyright 2008
23、American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.v Cylinder Pipe, 173 Location of Piers, 177 Design of Pipe and Supports at Piers, 179 Protection of Exposed Concrete Pipelines, 183 References, 185 Chapter 11 Design of Subaqueous Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . 187 Application, 187 Pipe Design Features, 187 Subaqueous Pipe Details, 190 Installation, 191 Testing, 194 Chapter 12 Design Considerations for Corrosive Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 History, 195 Inherent Protective Properties, 195 Special Environmental Conditions, 196 Bo
25、nding Pipelines, 199 Monitoring for Pipe Corrosion, 205 Cathodic Protection, 213 References, 214 Chapter 13 Transportation of Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Truck Transportation, 215 Rail Transportation, 215 Barge Transportation, 218 Loading
26、Procedures, 218 Delivery and Unloading, 218 Chapter 14 Installation by Trenching or Tunneling Methods and Equipment . . . . 221 Trenching General Considerations, 221 Open Trench Construction, 223 Bedding , 226 Pipe Installation General, 227 Laying the Pipe, 228 Backfilling, 230 Tunnel Installations,
27、 232 Jacking Methods, 233 Copyright 2008 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.vi Mining Methods, 235 Grouting, 235 References, 238 Chapter 15 Hydrostatic Testing and Disinfection of Mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Hydrostatic Testing, 239 Disinfection of Mains, 2
28、41 Reference, 242 Chapter 16 Tapping Concrete Pressure Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Threaded Pressure Taps Up to 2 In. (51 mm) in Diameter, 243 Pressure Taps for Flanged Outlets 3 In. (76 mm) and Larger, 245 Tapping Noncylinder Reinforced Concrete Pressure
29、 Pipe, 248 Supplemental Data, 248 Chapter 17 Guide Specif ications for the Purchase and Installation of Concrete Pressure Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Guide Specifications for Purchasing Concrete Pressure Pipe, 252 Gui
30、de Specifications for the Installation of Concrete Pressure Pipe, 254 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 List of AWWA Manuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Copyright 2008 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.vii Figures Figure 1-1 A typical installation in rugged terrain, 1 Figure 2-1 Prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (ANSI/AWWA C301-type pipe), 5 Figure 2-2 Fabrication of a steel cylinder on a “
32、helical” machine, 6 Figure 2-3 Prestressing concrete embedded cylinder pipe, 6 Figure 2-4 Welding joint rings to cylinder, 7 Figure 2-5 Reinforced concrete cylinder pipe (ANSI/AWWA C300-type pipe), 8 Figure 2-6 Reinforced concrete noncylinder pipe (ANSI/AWWA C302-type pipe), 9 Figure 2-7 Concrete ba
33、r-wrapped cylinder pipe (ANSI/AWWA C303-type pipe), 11 Figure 2-8 Steel cylinder being hydrostatically tested on a mandrel-type tester, 11 Figure 2-9 Installation of a large-diameter wye with reducer attached, 12 Figure 3-1 Hydraulic profile for a gravity flow system, 15 Figure 3-2 Hydraulic profile
34、 for a pumped flow system, 15 Figure 3-3 The Moody diagram for friction in pipe, 18 Figure 3-4 Approximate loss coefficients for commonly encountered flow configurations, 22 Figure 4-1 Idealized surge cycle for instantaneous pump shutdown, 28 Figure 5-1 Underground conduit installation classificatio
35、ns, 34 Figure 5-2 Essential features of types of installations, 35 Figure 5-3 Settlements that influence loadspositive projecting embankment installation, 38 Figure 5-4 Settlements that influence loadsnegative projecting embankment installation, 38 Figure 5-5 Settlements that influence loads induced
36、 trench installation, 39 Figure 5-6 Load coefficient for positive projection embankment condition, 43 Figure 5-7 Load coefficient for negative projection and induced trench condition ( p = 0.5), 45 Figure 5-8 Load coefficient for negative projection and induced trench condition ( p = 1.0), 45 Figure
37、 5-9 Load coefficient for negative projection and induced trench condition (p = 1.5), 46 Figure 5-10 Load coefficient for negative projection and induced trench condition ( p = 2.0), 46 Figure 5-11 Live load distribution, 50 Figure 5-12 Live load spacing, 50 Figure 5-13 Wheel load surface contact ar
38、ea, 51 Figure 5-14 Distributed load areasingle dual wheel, 52 Figure 5-15 Effective supporting length of pipe, 53 Figure 5-16 Cooper E80 design load, 56 Figure 6-1 Bedding and backfill for rigid pipe, 58 Figure 6-2 Bedding and backfill for semirigid pipe, 60 Figure 7-1 Olander moment, thrust, and sh
39、ear coefficients for 90 bedding angle, 72 Figure 7-2 Force diagrams for reinforced concrete pipe design, 73 Figure 7-3 Section for proportioning tensile steel, 74 Figure 7-4 Section through AWWA C303-type pipe wall, 92 Copyright 2008 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.viii Figure
40、8-1 Common fittings, 96 Figure 8-2 A 90-in. (2,290-mm) bend ready to install, 97 Figure 8-3 A reducer or increaser makes a gradual change in ID of the line, 97 Figure 8-4 A tee or cross is used for 90 lateral connections, 98 Figure 8-5 Bifurcations for splitting flow, 99 Figure 8-6 Various types of
41、reinforcing, 100 Figure 8-7 Adapters used to connect pipe to valves, couplings, or pipe of a different material, 101 Figure 8-8 Typical end configurations, 102 Figure 8-9a Typical four-piece bend, 105 Figure 8-9b F ree body diagram of one-fourth of a miter segment and fluid, 105 Figure 8-9c Schemati
42、c of A trap ,105 Figure 8-10 Replacement of steel at openings in fabricated fittings requiring collar or wrapped type of reinforcement, 109 Figure 8-11 Assumed hydrostatic load distribution for an equal-diameter wye with two-crotch-plate reinforcement, 110 Figure 8-12 Nomograph for selecting reinfor
43、cement plate depths of equal-diameter pipes, 111 Figure 8-13 N -factor curves for branch deflection angles less than 90, 112 Figure 8-14 Q-factor curves for branch diameter smaller than run diameter, 112 Figure 8-15 Selection of top depth, 113 Figure 8-16 Wye-branch reinforcement plan and layout, 11
44、5 Figure 8-17 Three-plate wye-branch reinforcement plan and layout, 117 Figure 8-18 Typical outlets built in to pipe, 118 Figure 9-1 Thrusts and movement in pipeline, 122 Figure 9-2 Hydrostatic thrust T applied by fluid pressure to typical fittings, 122 Figure 9-3 Typical thrust blocking of a horizo
45、ntal bend, 125 Figure 9-4 Typical profile of vertical-bend thrust blocking, 126 Figure 9-5 Tee and reducer on large-diameter line. Note sandbags behind tee as forms for placement of thrust block, 127 Figure 9-6 Locking of pipe at small deflections, 128 Figure 9-7 Four sections of unrestrained 36-in.
46、 (910-mm) prestressed concrete pipe span an 80-ft (24-m) wide washout in Evansville, Ind., 128 Figure 9-8a Restraint of thrust at deflected, nontied joints on long-radius horizontal curves, 129 Figure 9-8b Horizontal bearing factor for sand vs. depth-to-diameter ratio (H/D 0 )(adapted from ORourke a
47、nd Liu 1999), 129 Figure 9-9a Restraint of uplift thrust at nontied, deflected joints on long-radius vertical curves, 131 Figure 9-9b Earth load for restrained joint calculations, 131 Figure 9-10 Free body diagram of forces and deformations at a bend, 133 Figure 9-11 Schematic strain and stress dist
48、ributions at cylinder yield design criterion (f y= steel cylinder yield strain, f y = steel cylinder yield stress, f s = steel cylinder stress, f c = concrete stress), 139 Figure 9-12 Schematic strain and stress distributions at ultimate strength limit state (f y= steel cylinder yield strain, f y =
49、steel cylinder yield stress, f s = steel cylinder stress, f c = concrete Copyright 2008 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ixstress, f c = concrete stress), 139 Figure 9-13 Interaction diagram for example 2. The axial force-moment interaction diagrams corrresponding to the ultimate strength and the onset of yielding of the steel cylinder are both nonlinear, but have been approximated by a linear relationship here for ease of computation of the examples, 150 Figure 9-14 Infinite beam on elastic foundation
