1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 1377-3: 1990 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 Methods of test for Soils for civil engineering purposes Part 3: Chemical and electro-chemical testsBS1377-3:1990 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Road Engineering Standards Policy Committee, waspubli
2、shed under the authorityof Board of the BSI andcomes into effect on 31 August 1990 BSI 02-1999 First published in 1948 First published in metric, 1975 Second edition August 1990 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference RDB/38 Draft for comment 88/12495 DC
3、 ISBN 0 580 18370 X Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Road Engineering Standards Policy Committee (RDB/-) to Technical Committee RDB/38, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of Consulting Engineers
4、British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers Association County Surveyors Society Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency) Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment) Department of Transport Department of Transport (Transport and Road Research Laboratory
5、) Coopted members Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue Comments 9028 April 1996 Indicated by a sideline in the marginBS1377-3:1990 BSI 02-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword iii 1 Scope 1 2 Definitions 1 3 Determination of the organic matter
6、content 1 3.1 General 1 3.2 Apparatus 1 3.3 Reagents 2 3.4 Procedure 2 3.5 Calculations 4 3.6 Test report 4 4 Determination of the mass loss on ignition 5 4.1 General 5 4.2 Apparatus 5 4.3 Procedure 5 4.4 Calculations 6 4.5 Test report 6 5 Determination of the sulphate content of soil and ground wat
7、er 6 5.1 General 6 5.2 Preparation of soil and its acid extract 7 5.3 Preparation of soil and its water extract 8 5.4 Preparation of ground water for testing 9 5.5 Gravimetric method for analysis of acid or water extract or ground water 9 5.6 Ion-exchange method for analysis of water extract or grou
8、nd water 11 6 Determination of the carbonate content 13 6.1 General 13 6.2 Preparation of sample 13 6.3 Rapid titration method 13 6.4 Gravimetric method 15 7 Determination of the chloride content 15 7.1 General 15 7.2 Determination of water-soluble chloride content 15 7.3 Determination of acid-solub
9、le chloride content 18 8 Determination of total dissolved solids 19 8.1 General 19 8.2 Apparatus 19 8.3 Test procedure 19 8.4 Calculations 19 8.5 Test report 20 9 Determination of the pH value 20 9.1 General 20 9.2 Apparatus 20 9.3 Reagents 20 9.4 Preparation of test specimen 20 9.5 Electrometric me
10、thod of pH determination 20 9.6 Test report 21BS1377-3:1990 ii BSI 02-1999 Page 10 Determination of resistivity 21 10.1 General 21 10.2 Measurement of resistivity: disc electrodes method 21 10.3 Measurement of resistivity: Wenner probe method 24 10.4 Measurement of resistivity: open container method
11、 26 11 Determination of the redox potential 27 11.1 General 27 11.2 Apparatus 28 11.3 Reagents 28 11.4 Procedure 29 11.5 Calculations 30 11.6 Test report 30 Appendix A Typical test data and calculation forms 34 Figure 1 Ion-exchange column for sulphate determination 30 Figure 2 Constant-head device
12、for use with ion-exchange column 31 Figure 3 Circuit diagram for resistivity test using Wenner probes 32 Figure 4 Container for resistivity tests on saturated granular soil 33 Publications referred to Inside back coverBS1377-3:1990 BSI 02-1999 iii Foreword This Part of BS 1377 has been prepared unde
13、r the direction of the Road Engineering Standards Policy Committee. It is a revision of clause 3 of BS1377:1975 which is superseded by amendment. BS 1377 was first published in 1948 and first appeared in metric form in 1975. BS 1377:1975 which has now been withdrawn is replaced by the following Part
14、s of BS 1377:1990: Part 1: General requirements and sample preparation; Part 2: Classification tests; Part 3: Chemical and electro-chemical tests; Part 4: Compaction-related tests; Part 5: Compressibility, permeability and durability tests; Part 6: Consolidation and permeability tests in hydraulic c
15、ells and with pore pressure measurement; Part 7: Shear strength tests (total stress); Part 8: Shear strength tests (effective stress); Part 9: In-situ tests. Reference should be made to Part 1 for further information about each of the Parts. In this Part of BS 1377 the test methods described in the
16、1975 edition have been retained with some modification, and the following methods of test have been introduced: a) determination of loss on ignition; b) determination of carbonate content; c) determination of chloride content; d) determination of total dissolved solids content; e) determination of e
17、lectrical resistivity; f) determination of the redox potential; Sample test forms are shown in Appendix A. It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people. CAUTION. Attention should be gi
18、ven to the potentially hazardous nature of certain chemicals by following recognized practice and taking the appropriate precautions. These include the use of a fume cupboard when using acids and other toxic chemicals. Special care and precautions may be necessary when dealing with contaminated grou
19、nd (see DD 175). A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This do
20、cument comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages1to 42, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on theinside front cover.iv blankBS137
21、7-3:1990 BSI 02-1999 1 1 Scope This Part of BS 1377 describes test methods for determining the amount of chemical substances, including organic matter, in samples of soil and ground water. The determination of some electrochemical and corrosivity properties of soil and water samples is also included
22、. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS 1377, the definitions given in BS 1377-1 apply together with the following. 2.1 titration the addition of a solution from a graduated burette to a
23、known volume of a second solution, until the chemical reaction between the two is completed. If the strength of one of the solutions is known, that of the other can be calculated from the volume of liquid added 2.2 indicator a substance which is capable of giving a clear visual indication of the com
24、pletion of a chemical reaction in a solution being titrated, usually by means of a change in colour 2.3 pH value the logarithm to base 10 of the reciprocal of the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. It provides a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the solution on a scale read
25、ing from 0to14, on which 7 represents neutrality 2.4 resistivity (of soil) the electrical resistance, in ohms per unit length, of a column of soil of unit area of cross section. In this standard resistivity is expressed in ohm metres NOTEThis is to conform with SI units. The customary unit, 7cm, is
26、equal to 0.01 7m. 2.5 redox potential (reduction/oxidation potential) a relative measure, expressed in millivolts, of the reducing or oxidizing capacity of soil, usually increasing with increasing oxygen content 3 Determination of the organic matter content 3.1 General This procedure covers the dete
27、rmination of the percentage by dry mass of organic matter present in a soil. The method, which uses dichromate oxidation, is known as Walkley and Blacks method. NOTEGood practice in chemical testing requires that duplicate specimens should be tested. In each of the test methods the measurement of on
28、ly one value of overall result is described. It is recognized that it is necessary in many practical applications to make a number of tests in order to obtain a mean value and an indication of the reliability of the results. Guidance on the number of measurements required and the treatment of the re
29、sults obtained is beyond the scope of this Part of BS1377. Soils containing sulphides or chlorides have been found to give high results by this procedure. Methods for checking for the presence of these compounds, and procedures for their removal before testing if they are present, are included. The
30、requirements of Part 1 of this standard, where appropriate, shall apply to this test method. 3.2 Apparatus 3.2.1 Drying oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of502.5C. 3.2.2 Balance, readable to 1g. 3.2.3 Balance, readable to 0.001g. 3.2.4 1 L volumetric flask. 3.2.5 Two 25 mL burettes, graduat
31、ed to0.1mL. 3.2.6 10 mL pipette and a 1 mL pipette, each fitted with a rubber teat. 3.2.7 Two conical flasks of 500 mL capacity. 3.2.8 200 mL and a 20 mL graduated measuring cylinders. 3.2.9 Desiccator, (a convenient size is about 200mm to 250mm in diameter) containing anhydrous silica gel. 3.2.10 G
32、lass weighing bottle, approximately 25 mm in diameter, 50 mm high and fitted with a ground glass stopper. 3.2.11 Test sieves, 2 mm and 425 mm aperture sizes, with receiver. 3.2.12 Sample dividers of multiple-slot type (riffle boxes), having widths of opening of 7mm and15mm 3.2.13 Pestle and mortar,
33、or a suitable mechanical crusher. 3.2.14 Wash bottle, preferably made of plastics, containing distilled water. 3.2.15 Glass boiling tube. 3.2.16 Filter funnel, of approximately 100mm diameter.BS1377-3:1990 2 BSI 02-1999 3.2.17 Filter papers, of a diameter appropriate to the size of the funnel : medi
34、um grade (e.g. Whatman No.40) and fine grade (e.g. Whatman No.42). 3.2.18 Blue litmus paper. 3.3 Reagents 3.3.1 General. All reagents shall be of recognized analytical reagent quality NOTEWhere accurately standardized solutions are required it may be more convenient to obtain them already standardiz
35、ed in concentrated form and to dilute them as necessary in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. 3.3.2 Potassium dichromate solution, (c(K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) = 0.167 mol/L). Dissolve 49.035g of potassium dichromate in distilled water to make 1 L of solution. 3.3.3 Ferrous sulphate solution. Diss
36、olve approximately 140g of ferrous sulphate in sulphuric acid solution (c(H 2 SO 4 ) = 0.25 mol/L) to make 1 L of solution. Add 14 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid to distilled water to make 1 L of sulphuric acid solution (c(H 2 SO 4 ) = 0.25mol/L). Record the date the solution is made on the bottl
37、e. This solution is unstable in air. Keep it tightly stoppered and standardize against the potassium dichromate solution at least once a week. CAUTION. Take great care when adding the acid to the water. Do not add water to concentrated sulphuric acid, that procedure is dangerous. 3.3.4 Sulphuric aci
38、d, concentrated. Density1.84g/mL. 3.3.5 Orthophosphoric acid, 85% (V/V) solution. Density 1.70 to 1.75g/mL. 3.3.6 Indicator solution. Dissolve 0.25 g of sodium diphenylaminesulphonate in 100 mL of distilled water. 3.3.7 Hydrochloric acid, 25% (V/V) solution. Dilute250 mL of concentrated hydrochloric
39、 acid (density 1.18g/mL) to 1 L with distilled water. 3.3.8 Lead acetate paper. Filter paper that has been dipped in a 10% solution of lead acetate. 3.3.9 Sulphuric acid (c(H 2 SO 4 ) = approximately1mol/L). Add 53 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid to about 500ml of distilled water, then make up to
40、1 L with distilled water. 3.4 Procedure 3.4.1 Standardization of ferrous sulphate 3.4.1.1 Run 10 mL of the potassium dichromate solution (3.3.2) from a burette into a 500 mL conical flask. 3.4.1.2 Add 20 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid very carefully, swirl the mixture and allow to cool for some m
41、inutes. 3.4.1.3 Add 200 mL of distilled water very carefully to the mixture followed by 10mL of phosphoric acid and 1mL of the indicator, and shake the mixture thoroughly. 3.4.1.4 Add ferrous sulphate solution from the second burette in 0.5mL increments, and swirl the contents of the flask until the
42、 colour of the solution changes from blue to green. 3.4.1.5 Add a further 0.5mL of potassium dichromate solution, changing the colour back to blue. 3.4.1.6 Slowly add ferrous sulphate solution drop by drop with continued swirling until the colour of the solution changes from blue to green after the
43、addition of a single drop. 3.4.1.7 Record the total volume of ferrous sulphate solution used, x, to the nearest 0.05mL. 3.4.2 Preparation of test specimen 3.4.2.1 Prepare each test specimen for analysis from the laboratory sample as given in 3.4.2.2 to 3.4.2.11. 3.4.2.2 Obtain an initial sample as d
44、escribed in 7.3, and of the approximate size as specified in 7.5, ofBS1377-1:1990. 3.4.2.3 Dry this sample in the oven to constant mass at502.5C, and cool to room temperature in the desiccator. 3.4.2.4 Weigh the sample to the nearest 0.1% and record the mass m 1(in g). 3.4.2.5 Sieve the sample on a
45、2mm test sieve (if appropriate, guarded by a test sieve of larger aperture) and crush retained particles other than stones to pass the 2mm sieve. NOTEIt is assumed that any material retained on the 2mm test sieve will not contain organic matter. If this is seen not to be true, the pieces of organic
46、matter should be removed by hand, crushed to pass a 2 mm test sieve and incorporated in the fraction passing the sieve. 3.4.2.6 Reject the stones, ensuring that no fine material adheres to them, e.g. by brushing. Record the mass of sample passing the 2mm test sieve (in g) to the nearest 0.1% (m 2 ).
47、 Throughout these and subsequent operations take care to ensure that there is no loss of fines. 3.4.2.7 Divide the material passing the 2mm sieve by successive riffling through the 15mm divider to produce a sample weighing approximately 100g. 3.4.2.8 Pulverize this sample so that it passes the425 mm
48、 test sieve. 3.4.2.9 Subdivide the sample by riffling on the 7mm divider to obtain the following test specimens, as appropriate: a) If sulphides and chlorides are known to be absent, two test specimens each weighing about5g;BS1377-3:1990 BSI 02-1999 3 b) for a check test to determine whether sulphid
49、es are present, a specimen of about 5g; c) for a check test to determine whether chlorides are present, a speciment of about 50g; d) if sulphides and/or chlorides are present, a specimen of about 50g. Throughout this and any subsequent operation mix the material available thoroughly before any division and take care to avoid segregation during riffling. 3.4.2.10 Place each specimen in a glass weighing bottle and dry in the oven at a temperature of50 2.5 C. The specimens are deemed to be dry when the differences in successive weighings, carri
