1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 7370-3: 1991 Grounds maintenance Part 3: Recommendations for maintenance of amenity and functional turf (other than sports turf)BS7370-3:1991 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Environment andPollution Standards Policy Committee, was published u
2、nder the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 29March1991 BSI 03-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference EPC/2 Draft for comment 89/50026 DC ISBN 0 580 19009 9 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of
3、this British Standard was entrusted by the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Committee (EPC/-) to Technical Committee EPC/2, upon which the following bodies were represented: Anglian Water plc Association of County Councils Association of Playing Fields and Landscape Managers British Associ
4、ation of Landscape Industries British Waterways Board Commonwealth War Graves Commission Countryside Commission for Scotland Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency) Department of Transport Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales Inner London Education Authority Institute of
5、 Groundsmanship Institute of Leisure and Amenity Management Institution of Water and Environmental Management National Farmers Union Sports Turf Research Institute Water Services Association of England and Wales Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS7370-3:1991 BSI 03-1999 i Co
6、ntents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii Section 1. General 0 Introduction 1 1 Scope 1 2 Definitions 1 3 General 8 Section 2. Turf categories and maintenance objectives 4 The distinction between categories and maintenance objectives 10 5 Categories of turf 10 6 Maintenance o
7、bjectives for turf categories 19 Section 3. Turf culture equipment and materials 7 Grass-cutting equipment 22 8 Turf culture equipment and machinery other than grass-cutting equipment 24 9 Turf culture materials 31 Section 4. Recommended maintenance programmes for each turf category 10 Description o
8、f coding system used for maintenance programmes 40 11 Maintenance programmes 40 12 Repair and renewal of turf areas 59 13 Maintenance of drainage systems 60 14 Grass reinforcement 62 Appendix A Test methods 64 Appendix B Bibliography 73 Figure 1 Average length of the growing season for grasses (in d
9、ays) in different parts of the UK 37 Figure 2 Drag brush 25 Figure 3 Lute 26 Figure 4 Drag mat 27 Figure 5 Harrow 27 Figure 6 Power scarifier 28 Figure 7 Cambridge ring roller 28 Figure 8 Spiked roller 29 Figure 9 Distributor (belt type) 29 Figure 10 Tines 30 Figure 11 Aerator 31 Figure 12 Pressure
10、sprayer 31 Figure 13 Controlled droplet applicator 32 Figure 14 Turfing iron 33 Figure 15 Pop-up unit 33 Figure 16 General patterns for sampling turf 65 Figure 17 Disc (rising plate) apparatus 65 Figure 18 Straightedge apparatus for assessment of evenness 67 Figure 19 Contour gauge 67 Figure 20 Appa
11、ratus for assessment of gradient 67 Figure 21 Frame for estimating ground cover, etc. 69 Figure 22 Hollow corer 69 Figure 23 Removed core 71BS7370-3:1991 ii BSI 03-1999 Page Figure 24 Double ring cylinder infiltrometer 72 Figure 25 Examples of soil sampling tools 72 Table 1 Categories of amenity and
12、 functional turf other than sports turf 11 Table 2 Categories of turf appropriate to particular functions or appearance 12 Table 3 Methods of mowing appropriate for the various categories of amenity and functional turf 12 Table 4 Likely number of cuts according to locality, length of growing season
13、and approximate mowing frequency 16 Table 5 Grass seed mixtures for amenity use 18 Table 6 Recommended maintenance objectives 20 Table 7 Chemicals for the control of insects and earthworms in turf 36 Table 8 Chemicals for the control of fungal diseases in turf 37 Table 9 Chemicals for the control of
14、 broad-leaved weeds in turf 39 Table 10 Master checklist of maintenance programmes for each turf category 40 Publications referred to Inside back coverBS7370-3:1991 BSI 03-1999 iii Foreword This Part of BS7370 has been prepared under the direction of the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Co
15、mmittee. BS7370 has been prepared in order to provide those responsible for the upkeep of land that has a recreational or amenity use, or a functional purpose that is not solely for agriculture, commercial horticulture or forestry, with a series of recommendations for the various aspects of such mai
16、ntenance. It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose guidance it has been prepared. This Part of BS7370 gives assistance in determining categories of amenity and functiona
17、l turf maintenance objectives for each turf category together with the provision of a means of assessing that the objectives of maintenance are being achieved. It also describes suitable maintenance programmes. BS7370 at present comprises the following parts: Part 1: Recommendations for establishing
18、 and managing grounds maintenance organizations and for design considerations related to maintenance; Part 2: Maintenance of hard areas 1) ; Part 3: Maintenance of amenity and functional turf (other than sports turf); Part 4: Maintenance of soft landscape (other than amenity turf) 1) ; Part 5: Maint
19、enance of water areas 1) . Further Parts may be prepared, as necessary. NOTEThe numbers given in square brackets used throughout the text relate to the bibliographic references given in Appendix B. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of Br
20、itish Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages1to 74, aninside back cover and a back cover
21、. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on theinside front cover. 1) In preparation.iv blankBS7370-3:1991 BSI 03-1999 1 Section 1. General 0 Introduction The recommendations given in this Part of BS
22、7370 are intended: a) to assist users in determining categories of amenity and functional turf when compiling maintenance programmes; b) wherever possible, to set maintenance objectives for each turf category and to provide a means of assessing, with some form of measurement, that such standards of
23、maintenance are being achieved; c) to describe suitable maintenance programmes for each turf category. It is recognized that, in some circumstances, users may have to adjust the maintenance objectives to meet local conditions but it is recommended that the maintenance objectives described should be
24、followed wherever possible. 1 Scope This Part of BS7370 gives recommendations for categories of amenity and functional turf for different applications based on the minimum height of cut and the maximum recommended length to which the vegetation can grow before it becomes unsuitable for the intended
25、purpose. For each category of turf, recommended maintenance objectives are described based on suitability of the turf for the intended purpose and these include a series of suggested measurable parameters. Maintenance programmes for achieving these maintenance objectives are suggested, and informati
26、on is given on types of machinery, materials and equipment, and their applicability. The recommendations given in this Part of BS7370 are intended to apply to the maintenance of amenity and functional turf. They do not apply to sports turf. Recommendations for the production of turf for sale are giv
27、en in BS3969. Factors such as geographical and climatic conditions, which have an influence on management, are described in some detail, as are the patterns of growth throughout the UK. Management practices have to be varied according to the soil and the grass species used for a specific purpose. Th
28、e document therefore includes suggestions on the most suitable grass species for different applications. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS7370 the following definitions apply. 2.1 aer
29、ation the operation of making a series of holes through a grass sward into the soil beneath, with round, flat or hollow tines, to improve the passage of air, moisture or nutrients 2.2 amenity grassland all grass with recreational, functional or aesthetic value, and of which agricultural productivity
30、 is not the primary aim 2.3 arisings grass clippings, cuttings, cores or other material removed from the sward by maintenance operations 2.4 banding the action of mowing grass so that adjacent passes are in the same direction, giving a resulting visual effect of stripes wider than a single cutting w
31、idth. (See also 2.73) 2.5 bent(s) 1) Reproductive stems of grasses standing out above a mown sward, particularly evident when temporarily flattened and therefore left uncut by cylinder mowers with front rollers. 2) Grasses of the genus Agrostis.BS7370-3:1991 2 BSI 03-1999 NOTEThis term is deprecated
32、 unless used in compound term, e.g. browntop bent. 2.6 bottoming out on airfields, a very close cut, followed by harrowing or scarifying, to remove as much vegetation and debris as possible before the main mowing season 2.7 boxing off the removal of grass clippings in the mower box 2.8 brushing the
33、use of an implement on which brushes are mounted, for the improvement of the surface condition of grass areas 2.9 carrying capacity the number of people that can use a facility in a specified time without causing excessive wear 2.10 clippings the parts of leaves, stems, etc., removed from turf by cu
34、tting, mowing or trimming, usually relatively small or fine 2.11 comb a special rake fitted to a cylinder mower between the front roller and cutting cylinder, to counteract the effect of the front roller 2.12 corer a tool used for coring (see2.13) 2.13 coring the removal of a core of turf and soil a
35、s part of soil sampling procedure (see also Figure 25) NOTESee also 2.38. 2.14 cultivar an assemblage of cultivated plants, subordinate in classification to species, that is clearly distinguished by any characters (morphological, physiological, cytological, chemical or others), and that, when reprod
36、uced (sexually or asexually), retains its distinguishing characters 2.15 cultivation 1) (of a seed bed). Operations to till or prepare the growing medium for sowing. 2) The practice of working the soil without destruction of the turf, e.g. hollow-tining and slitting. 2.16 cultural control management
37、 systems designed to reduce or eliminate the need for chemical control of pests, i.e.weeds, diseases, etc. 2.17 cuttings the parts of leaves, stems, etc., removed from turf by cutting, mowing or trimming: on fine turf, this is synonymous with clippings, but on coarse turf possibly more bulky and con
38、spicuousBS7370-3:1991 BSI 03-1999 3 2.18 cylinder mower a mower with multiple helical blades that rotate along a horizontal axis, and that shear the grass off against a close-fitting bottom blade 2.19 edge re-forming the shaping or re-shaping of the edge of a lawn with a half-moon, edging tool or ma
39、chinery 2.20 edge repairing the returfing of a lawn edge 2.21 edge trimming the cutting of the grass which has overgrown the edge of a lawn, by hand or mechanical means NOTEThis is also known as edging. 2.22 filament line trimmer a small trimmer, usually mounted on a handle, that cuts by means of a
40、high-speed rotating plastics filament instead of a rigidly-mounted blade 2.23 firming the light consolidation of soil, by treading or rolling, especially to restore surfaces disturbed by frost heave 2.24 flail mower a mower that cuts grass by the impact of blades mounted on a horizontal shaft. The b
41、lades rotate in vertical cutting planes, i.e.at right angles to the turf surface 2.25 fly (of cuttings) the action of returning cuttings to the sward, as opposed to removing them (as in “let cuttings fly”) 2.26 frost heave the disruption of soil and turf surfaces by the action of frost, causing loos
42、ening or puffiness of the top10mm to20mm layer 2.27 gradient a slope, expressed as a ratio or as a percentage NOTEA fall of20mm over a horizontal distance of2m would represent a 1% fall, or1 in100; a fall of2m over the same distance would represent a100% fall, or1 in1, or45. 2.28 ground cover in tes
43、t method descriptions, the proportion of ground occupied by the perpendicular projection of the material above it (see also Appendix A) 2.29 growing medium the material or combination of materials supporting the vegetation NOTEExamples of a growing medium are soil and sand. 2.30 growing season the p
44、art of the year in which plant growth takes placeBS7370-3:1991 4 BSI 03-1999 NOTEFor grass, an acceptable measure can be deduced from the length of time that the soil temperature at a depth of300mm remains above6 C. 2.31 growth rate for grass, the height increment measured in millimetres, per unit o
45、f time 2.32 growth retardant for grass, a chemical which temporarily restricts growth 2.33 half-moon a turf-cutting implement, comprising a semi-circular knife at the base of a handle, positioned so as to cut in the vertical plane with assistance from foot pressure on the straight upper side of the
46、blade 2.34 halving a method of banding (see 2.4) whereby only two bands are created 2.35 hard litter any material, organic or inorganic, present on the surface of the ground, that is of a kind likely to damage machines or equipment 2.36 headland the space for turning machinery at the outer edge of a
47、 field or turf area 2.37 height of cut the height of the leaf ends from the ground, measured vertically, immediately after mowing NOTEThis definition describes the actual height of cut, which is not necessarily the same as the mower setting. The latter represents the intended height of cut and is ad
48、justed by the use of a mower gauge or similar device, and, for example, makes no allowance for the weight of the mower sinking into soft turf. 2.38 hollow-tining the perforation of turf and removal of cores with a hollow-tined implement to relieve compaction or to reduce the amount of undesirable ma
49、terial, e.g.heavy clay or thatch, and to allow the entry of air, water, nutrients or top dressing materials 2.39 hover mower a rotary mower supported in operation by a cushion of air instead of wheels or rollers 2.40 infiltration rate the rate, expressed in millimetres per unit of time, at which water on the turf or soil surface enters the soil 2.41 inorganic of fertilizer or top dressing, natural or synthetic materials of non-living origin NOTE 1Examples are sulphate of ammonia fertilizer and
