1、BSI Standards Publication BS 8545:2014 Trees: from nursery to independence in the landscape RecommendationsPublishing and copyright information The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. The British Standards Institution 2014 Published by BSI Sta
2、ndards Limited 2014 ISBN 978 0 580 71317 0 ICS 65.020.40 The following BSI references relate to the work on this document: Committee reference B/213 Draft for comment 13/30219671 DC Publication history First published February 2014 Amendments issued since publication Date Text affected BS 8545:2014
3、BRITISH STANDARDContents Foreword iv Introduction 1 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 2 3 Terms and definitions 2 4 General process 5 5 Policy and strategy 6 5.1 General 6 5.2 General recommendations on policy and strategy 6 5.3 Planting objectives and desired outcomes 7 5.4 Statutory controls and re
4、levant policy 7 5.5 Environmental considerations 7 5.6 Additional factors and constraints 8 6 Site evaluation and constraints assessment 8 6.1 Process flowchart 8 6.2 General recommendations for site evaluation and constraints assessment 8 6.3 Ground assessment 9 6.4 Macro and micro climatic conditi
5、ons 9 6.5 Existing features including vegetation 10 7 Species selection 10 7.1 Process flowchart 10 7.2 General recommendations for species selection 10 7.3 Characteristics of different species and cultivars 11 7.4 Nomenclature 12 7.5 Existing tree population of the landscape into which young trees
6、are planted 12 8 Nursery production and procurement 12 8.1 Process flowchart 12 8.2 General recommendations for nursery production and procurement 12 8.3 Crown and stem development 13 8.4 Root system development and management 14 8.5 Young tree quality assessment and procurement 15 8.6 Biosecurity 1
7、5 9 Handling and storage 15 9.1 Process flowchart 15 9.2 Lifting on the nursery 15 9.3 Movement on the nursery after lifting and before dispatch 16 9.4 Loading 17 9.5 Unloading and temporary storage 17 10 Planting 18 10.1 Process flowchart 18 10.2 Considerations below ground 18 10.3 Considerations a
8、bove ground 19 10.4 Check list for trees prior to planting 20 10.5 Planting the tree 20 11 Post-planting management and maintenance 23 11.1 Process flowchart 23 11.2 General recommendations for post-planting management and maintenance 23 11.3 Irrigation 23 BRITISH STANDARD BS 8545:2014 The British S
9、tandards Institution 2014 i11.4 Formative pruning 24 11.5 Routine assessment and ongoing maintenance 24 Annexes Annex A (informative) Further guidance on policy and strategy 26 Annex B (informative) Further guidance on site evaluation and constraints assessment 27 Annex C (informative) Further guida
10、nce on species selection 34 Annex D (informative) Further guidance on nursery production and procurement 35 Annex E (informative) Further guidance on handling and storage 54 Annex F (informative) Further guidance on planting 55 Annex G (informative) Further guidance on post-planting management and m
11、aintenance 70 Bibliography 75 List of figures Figure 1 General process for new planting projects 5 Figure 2 Process flowchart for policy and strategy 6 Figure 3 Process flowchart for site evaluation and constraints assessment 9 Figure 4 Process flowchart for species selection 11 Figure 5 Process flo
12、wchart for nursery production and procurement 13 Figure 6 Process flowchart for handling and storage 16 Figure 7 Process flowchart for planting 18 Figure 8 Process flowchart for post-planting management and maintenance 23 Figure B.1 Soil characteristics 28 Figure B.2 Soil texture triangle 29 Figure
13、B.3 Determination of soil texture by manual texture test 30 Figure B.4 Influence of soil pH on nutrient availability 31 Figure B.5 Impacts of soil compaction on soil characteristics 32 Figure D.1 Excurrent and decurrent trees 36 Figure D.2 Height to stem diameter ratio and stem taper 37 Figure D.3 S
14、izes of young tree nursery stock 38 Figure D.4 Poor bud/graft union 39 Figure D.5 Bend of bud union 39 Figure D.6 Lateral branch subordination 40 Figure D.7 Lateral branch pruning on the nursery 42 Figure D.8 Typical bare root systems 46 Figure D.9 Principles involved in transplanting or undercuttin
15、g trees to be rootballed 48 Figure D.10 Effects of not transplanting or undercutting trees to be rootballed 49 Figure D.11 Mounding and deep planting 51 Figure D.12 Root circling and subsequent root girdling in containers 52 Figure D.13 Visual assessment of poor health in young trees 53 Figure F.1 T
16、ree pit design: Planting in grass 56 Figure F.2 Tree pit design: Planting in hard surfaces 57 Figure F.3 Tree pit design: Options for planting pit where site constraints are non-existent or minimal 58 Figure F.4 Tree pit design: Pit with square sides inside circular area excavated in grass 59 Figure
17、 F.5 Tree pit design: Tree pit modifications in response to site constraints and design necessities 60 Figure F.6 Impact of stake and tie height on position of stem thickening caused by lateral movement 64 Figure F.7 Types of damage caused by failure to remove tree protection 67 Figure F.8 Factors i
18、nvolved in tree planting 68 Figure F.9 Deep roots 69 Figure G.1 Formative pruning techniques 73 BRITISH STANDARD BS 8545:2014 ii The British Standards Institution 2014List of tables Table 1 Check list for trees prior to acceptance of delivery to site and planting 21 Table B.1 Assessment of drainage
19、using percolation test 32 Table D.1 Approximate height and clear stem of trees 36 Table D.2 Advantages and disadvantages of different nursery production systems 43 Table D.3 Root spread for bare root stock 45 Table D.4 Container sizes 45 Table D.5 Relationship between tree size, size of rootball and
20、 number of times transplanted/undercut on the nursery 50 Table F.1 Advantages and disadvantages of different tree pit surfacing materials 66 Table G.1 Available water in different soil types at field capacity 71 Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i t
21、o vi, pages 1 to 80, an inside back cover and a back cover. BRITISH STANDARD BS 8545:2014 The British Standards Institution 2014 iiiForeword Publishing information This British Standard is published by BSI Standards Limited, under licence from The British Standards Institution, and came into effect
22、on 28 February 2014. It was prepared by Technical Committee B/213, Trees and tree work. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Information about this document BS 8545 is a new British Standard and is intended to assist people involved in pl
23、anning, designing, resourcing, producing, planting and managing new trees in the landscape. The purpose of this standard is to explain how new trees can be successfully grown and planted so that they flourish in the landscape without excessive maintenance. The standard promotes the principle that su
24、ccessful new tree planting relies on the integration of careful design, nursery production and planting site management, into one continuous process. All parts of the process are important and need careful consideration if new trees are to successfully achieve independence in the landscape. The larg
25、e amounts of research and anecdotal evidence on good practice throughout the breadth of preparing, planting and maintaining new trees, make it impossible to comprehensively list all that information within this standard. Instead, the standard seeks to distil the best of that information into discret
26、e recommendations that summarize the process. It is structured so that users can access an overview of all parts of the process quickly and easily through the flowcharts and the body text. This is supplemented by more detailed discussion in the annexes, which is supported by technical referencing of
27、 relevant scientific research. The intention is for users to be able to easily identify the clauses that are relevant to their needs and, if necessary, then drill down into more detail in the annexes, and follow that up with accessible research references, if even more explanation is required. The s
28、tandard does not seek to be prescriptive or to provide a simple solution to cover all eventualities, recognizing that there is no single route to achieve its ends; but rather traces a series of good practice options, providing guidance and enabling an optimal route to be planned, defined by individu
29、al site constraints. It is for those involved in the process of achieving independence for young trees in the landscape to decide on which of the options outlined in the body of this standard are appropriate to their own requirements. These options will be conditioned by design and strategic intenti
30、ons, individual site constraints and requirements, nursery availability and quality of tree stock, budget size and maintenance schedules. This standard recognizes that each site is different, and its successful use depends on the depth and integrity of individual site assessment. Additionally, it re
31、cognizes that there is a wide range of experience, credentials and local knowledge of individual users, which could affect how recommendations are implemented. For example, local knowledge of, and familiarity with, the site conditions (as with the retrofitting of street trees) could dispense with th
32、e need for detailed site investigations. Conversely, designers working at a new location would clearly need detailed investigations to fill in the gaps in their knowledge and inform the decision-making process. BRITISH STANDARD BS 8545:2014 iv The British Standards Institution 2014In most situations
33、, a great diversity of information needs to be accumulated to inform the decision-making process, which requires skill, knowledge and experience to transform ideas on paper into successful results on the ground. This is an intellectual process that involves weighing the accumulated information to ar
34、rive at a balanced decision that has properly and fully accounted for all the relevant influencing factors. This process is technically difficult and intellectually challenging, but is absolutely necessary to consistently successfully deliver new trees that are independent in the landscape. This sta
35、ndard recognizes that the word “establishment” can be taken as meaning the tree is present and alive, but those physical characteristics have very little bearing on whether the tree will survive and flourish. Indeed, trees can stay alive for decades, but remain moribund and make no significant contr
36、ibution to the landscape. An obvious objective of all new planting is to reach the position as quickly as possible where a tree is healthy and has every prospect of achieving its full potential to deliver the benefits it was planted for, without any excessive or abnormal management input. It is for
37、this reason that the phrase “independence in the landscape” is preferred in this standard to the word “establishment”. Use of this document This British Standard takes the form of guidance and recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it was a specification and particular care should be taken t
38、o ensure that claims of compliance are not misleading. Any user claiming compliance with this British Standard is expected to be able to justify any course of action that deviates from its recommendations. It has been assumed in the preparation of this British Standard that the execution of its prov
39、isions will be entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose use it has been produced. Presentational conventions The provisions in this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Its recommendations are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliary verb
40、is “should”. Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented in smaller italic type, and does not constitute a normative element. Contractual and legal considerations This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible
41、for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. BRITISH STANDARD BS 8545:2014 The British Standards Institution 2014 vBRITISH STANDARD BS 8545:2014 This page deliberately left blank vi The British Standards Institution 2014Introduction I
42、t has been a widely recognized fact that a significant proportion of newly planted trees fail to survive to maturity. The Trees in towns II report 1 commissioned by the Department of Communities and Local Government highlighted that as much as 25% of all planting undertaken in the public sector actu
43、ally fails. Although there has not been any comparable survey undertaken in the private sector, anecdotal evidence indicates that the failure rates are similar. It is difficult to pinpoint the reason why the failure rate of new planting is so high, but one contributory factor is the present disjoint
44、ed approach to production and planting. This standard seeks to define all the parts of the process as a continuous and joined-up sequence, rather than isolated parts that have no tangible connections. An important objective of this standard is to assist practitioners in making balanced and informed
45、tree planting decisions. Ideally, all newly planted trees need to be able to grow with vigour appropriate to the species and situation, in good health, and with minimal nuisance to achieve the desired planting objectives. The standard sets out good practice in strategic and policy formation and then
46、 follows the whole transplanting process through to independence in the landscape, under the following clause headings: policy and strategy; site evaluation and constraints assessment; species selection; nursery production and procurement; handling and storage; planting; post-planting management and
47、 maintenance. These clause headings are intended to be considered consecutively as illustrated in the flowchart in Figure 1 (see Clause 4). This flowchart cascades down to a separate flowchart for each of the separate clause headings (see Clause 5 to Clause 11). Each of these individual flowcharts i
48、s immediately followed by a series of recommendations relating to that particular subject. Each clause is cross-referenced to a series of annexes which explores each subject in greater depth, with figures and tables to add further clarification. Each clause in this standard can be read independently
49、 from the others, but the combined clauses outline a process which is continuous. The whole process is only as strong as its weakest link; every part of the process needs to be given equal weight. 1 Scope This British Standard gives recommendations for transplanting young trees successfully from the nursery, through to achieving their eventual independence in the landscape, specifically covering the issues of planning, design, production, planting and management
