1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16698:2015Water quality Guidance onquantitative and qualitativesampling of phytoplanktonfrom inland watersBS EN 16698:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16698:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was entru
2、sted to TechnicalCommittee EH/3/5, Biological Methods.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British
3、 Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 84665 6ICS 13.060.70Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 20
4、15.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16698:2015EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORMEN 16698 October 2015 ICS 13.060.70 English Version Water quality - Guidance on quantitative and qualitative sampling of phytoplankton from inland waters Qualit de leau
5、 - Lignes directrices sur lchantillonnage quantitatif et qualitatif du phytoplancton dans les eaux intrieures Wasserbeschaffenheit - Anleitung fr die quantitative und qualitative - Probenahme von Phytoplankton aus Binnengewssern This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 August 2015. CEN member
6、s are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application
7、 to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Managemen
8、t Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Li
9、thuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17,
10、 B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16698:2015 EBS EN 16698:2015EN 16698:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 4 Introduction 5 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references 6 3 Terms and definitions . 6
11、 4 Principles of phytoplankton sampling 8 4.1 General 8 4.2 Selection of sampling sites . 9 4.2.1 General 9 4.2.2 Sampling sites in rivers and streams . 9 4.2.3 Sampling sites in lakes 9 4.3 Sampling frequency and replicates . 10 5 Equipment and preservatives . 10 6 Procedure 11 6.1 General requirem
12、ents for phytoplankton sampling . 11 6.2 Sampling in rivers 12 6.3 Sampling in lakes . 12 6.3.1 General . 12 6.3.2 Sampling in polymictic lakes . 13 6.3.3 Sampling in stratified lakes during circulation. 13 6.3.4 Sampling in stratified lakes during phase of summer stagnation 13 6.4 Preparation of mi
13、xed samples of a water column 14 6.4.1 Preparation of mixed samples using an integral water sampler 14 6.4.2 Preparation of mixed samples using other water samplers 14 6.5 Bottling and fixation of samples . 15 6.6 Storage and transport of the samples . 15 6.7 Additional samples for analysis of diato
14、ms 16 6.8 Qualitative sampling . 16 7 Measurements of accompanying parameters 16 7.1 General . 16 7.2 Secchi depth . 16 7.3 Water temperature 17 7.4 Dissolved oxygen 17 7.5 pH . 17 7.6 Chlorophyll-a . 17 8 Quality Assurance 17 Annex A (informative) Description of methodology 18 A.1 Water colour, Sec
15、chi-depth and euphotic depth . 18 A.2 Secchi depth practical hints 19 A.3 Sampling frequency examples 19 Annex B (informative) Examples for suitable water samplers . 22 B.1 Examples for sampling devices in rivers . 22 BS EN 16698:2015EN 16698:2015 (E) 3 B.1.1 General requirements . 22 B.1.2 Horizont
16、al sampler 22 B.2 Examples for sampling devices in lakes . 22 B.2.1 General requirements . 22 B.2.2 Hose sampler 23 B.2.3 Tube integrating sampler 25 B.2.4 Mechanical integrating water sampler . 27 B.2.5 Hydrostatic integrating water sampler 27 B.2.6 Electronic integrating water sampler . 28 B.3 Sam
17、pling equipment cleaning 29 Annex C (informative) Determination of the depth gradient 30 Annex D (informative) Example for a sampling protocol 32 Bibliography . 34 BS EN 16698:2015EN 16698:2015 (E) 4 European foreword This document (EN 16698:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230
18、“Water analysis”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April
19、2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Com
20、mission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, F
21、ormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16698:2015EN 16698:2015 (E) 5 In
22、troduction WARNING Working in or around water is inherently dangerous, Persons using this European standard should be familiar with usual field and laboratory practice. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
23、the user to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to ensure compliance with any national regulatory guidelines. IMPORTANT It is absolutely essential that tests conducted according to this European Standard be carried out by suitably trained staff. Series of phytoplankton samples prov
24、ide information on the taxonomic composition as well as the spatial occurrence of the individual taxa and their relative abundances. They allow the calculation of the biomass of the individual taxa as well as for the phytoplankton assemblage as a whole. For the purpose of limnological investigations
25、 like monitoring and status assessment of surface waters representative phytoplankton samples are necessary. Therefore suitable sampling methods and monitoring strategies are needed depending on the objectives of the investigation and the given natural conditions. BS EN 16698:2015EN 16698:2015 (E) 6
26、 1 Scope This European Standard specifies procedures for phytoplankton sampling in inland waters and describes methods of sampling techniques for phytoplankton in inland waters (e.g. rivers and channels, or lakes, ponds, reservoirs and other artificial water bodies, respectively). This European Stan
27、dard gives guidance for sampling of phytoplankton for qualitative and quantitative limnological investigations and monitoring of water quality, e.g. ecological status. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensab
28、le for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15204, Water quality Guidance standard on the enumeration of phytoplankton using inverted microscopy (Utermhl tec
29、hnique) EN ISO 5814, Water quality Determination of dissolved oxygen Electrochemical probe method (ISO 5814) EN ISO 7027, Water quality Determination of turbidity (ISO 7027) EN ISO 10523, Water quality Determination of pH (ISO 10523) ISO 17289, Water quality Determination of dissolved oxygen Optical
30、 sensor method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 deep chlorophyll maximum DCM local chlorophyll maximum below the epilimnion where the maximum chlorophyll concentration is at least 1,5 times higher than the average chlorophyll c
31、oncentration measured in the epilimnion 3.2 depth gradient parameter to distinguish between polymictic and di- or monomictic lakes as a measure for the mixing intensity of a water body calculated as the quotient of maximum depth and theoretical epilimnion depth Note 1 to entry: See Annex C. Note 2 t
32、o entry: Values 1,5 indicate a thermally stable stratified lake. For further details see Annex C and 18. 3.3 dimictic lake lake with uniform water temperature and holomictic conditions twice a year: during autumn (before ice cover) and during spring (after ice cover) 3.4 epilimnion zone of the water
33、 body between surface and thermocline in which the water temperature and density is approximately uniform, showing a temperature gradient of 1 C/m 3.10 complete mixing full mixing of the whole water body, indicated by uniform temperature along the vertical axis Note 1 to entry: Complete mixing of wa
34、ter is only possible when the density in the whole water column is equal which usually means the temperature is the same in every depth. 3.11 monomictic lake lake with uniform water temperature and holomictic conditions from autumn to spring (no ice cover in winter) during which the water body is co
35、mpletely mixed 3.12 polymictic lake lake with more than two circulation phases per year comprising the whole water body (depth gradient 1,5) Note 1 to entry: See also 17. 3.13 shallow lake in this European Standard shallow lakes are defined as polymictic lakes (3.12) based on the depth gradient - in
36、dependent of their mean or maximum depth BS EN 16698:2015EN 16698:2015 (E) 8 3.14 secchi depth visibility through the water column (transparency measured using a white plate lowered into the water) 3.15 stratification state of a water body during which a vertical density gradient in the water column
37、 (caused by a gradient of temperature or dissolved matter concentration) prevents its complete mixing 4 Principles of phytoplankton sampling 4.1 General Phytoplankton samples are collected and preserved for later microscopic investigation. Phytoplankton samples are most often collected in lakes, res
38、ervoirs or ponds and in larger rivers where residence time and light conditions enable phytoplankton growth. The following sections provide detailed recommendations on when and where samples should be taken to enable a more or less detailed study of phytoplankton in any location. Species composition
39、, number of individuals and biomass of phytoplankton vary throughout the seasons as well as spatially across water bodies and within the water column. When setting up a sampling program it is important to be aware of this variability and adjust the sampling programmes accordingly. There is a range o
40、f recognized equipment and procedures used for the collection of phytoplankton samples and these can be selected according to the precise requirements of any particular study or sampling programme. Most sampling procedures are based on the collection of water samples which contain phytoplankton in i
41、ts natural composition and abundances. Preservation and subsequent sedimentation of the phytoplankton enable the investigation according to Utermhl (EN 15204). This allows taxa identification and quantitative assessment of abundance and biomass. Samples taken using a plankton net concentrate the phy
42、toplankton, increasing the likelihood of picking up rare taxa, but cannot be used for quantitative assessment of abundance. Subsidiary information could include physical data such as water depth, temperature and oxygen profiles, assessment of euphotic zone and chemical determinants such as chlorophy
43、ll and nutrient concentrations. The frequency, location and type of samples collected to analyse phytoplankton in lakes and rivers should be determined by the requirements of the monitoring programme or study for which they are required. Generally, it is distinguished between sampling in lakes and s
44、ampling in rivers. In rivers which are assumed to be vertically completely mixed, it is sufficient to take a sample from the main flow. In lakes the mixed water layer or the zone in which phytoplankton is produced (euphotic zone) should be sampled. Generally, a vertical mixed sample should be taken.
45、 This is possible either with an integral sampler or by mixing of sub-samples from all depths of the mixed or euphotic water column. In clear lakes (euphotic depth epilimnetic depth) a mixed sample should be taken from the euphotic zone. In turbid and humic lakes (euphotic depth epilimnetic depth (z
46、eu zepi): Take an integrated sample from the euphotic zone. If a chlorophyll probe is available, the vertical extension of the water column to be sampled can be determined exactly, so that a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) will not be missed. The sample should be taken down to a depth including the D
47、CM. See also 6.3 concerning a euphotic zone reaching into the hypolimnion. If no chlorophyll probe is available, the euphotic depth can be determined using Formula (1): = eu seccz tz (1) where zeuis the euphotic depth in metres (m); zseccis the Secchi depth in metres (m); t is an empiric constant ra
48、nging from 0,8 to 2,5, depending on the turbidity of the lake 12: under usual conditions in clear and turbid lakes: t = 2,5; in humic lakes usually: t = 1,0 (see Annex A, Figure A1). NOTE Humic lakes have a colouration value 30 mg Pt/l. Figure 1 provides a decision scheme for sampling in lakes and r
49、eservoirs. BS EN 16698:2015EN 16698:2015 (E) 14 Figure 1 Decision scheme for sampling in lakes and reservoirs 6.4 Preparation of mixed samples of a water column 6.4.1 Preparation of mixed samples using an integral water sampler With an integral water sampler a sample of the complete water column can be taken continuously and in a time-saving manner. Prior to bottling the samples, the whole content of the integral water sampler should be filled into a mixing container (5.1.9) to eliminate any layering in the sampler. For sampling ve
