1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 60994:1993 IEC994:1991 Guide for field measurement of vibrations and pulsations in hydraulic machines (turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines) The European Standard EN60994:1992 has the status of a BritishStandard UDC 534.6:534.83:621.22:621.65BSEN60994:1993 This BritishSta
2、ndard, having been prepared under the directionof the Machinery andComponents Standards PolicyCommittee, was publishedunder the authorityofthe Standards Boardand comes into effect on 15February1993 BSI01-2000 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference MCE/1
3、5 Draft for comment86/77922DC ISBN 0 580 21578 4 Cooperating organizations The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), under whose supervision this European Standard was prepared, comprises the national committees of the following countries: Austria Italy Belgium Luxembour
4、g Denmark Netherlands Finland Norway France Portugal Germany Spain Greece Sweden Iceland Switzerland Ireland UnitedKingdom Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBSEN60994:1993 BSI 01-2000 i Contents Page Cooperating organizations Inside front cover National foreword ii Foreword 2
5、 Text of EN60994 5 National annex NA (informative) Committees responsible Inside back cover National annex NB (informative) Cross-references Inside back coverBSEN60994:1993 ii BSI 01-2000 National foreword This BritishStandard has been prepared under the direction of the Machinery and Components Sta
6、ndards Policy Committee and is the English language version of EN60994:1993 Guide for field measurement of vibrations and pulsations in hydraulic machines (turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines), published by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). It is identical
7、with IEC994:1991 published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). For graphical, symbols, and letter symbols and signs approved by the IEC for general use, readers are referred to: IEC Publication27: Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology; IEC Publication617: Graphical s
8、ymbols for diagrams. The symbols and signs contained in the present publication have either been taken from IEC Publications27 or617, or have been specifically approved for the purpose of this publication. For general terminology, readers are referred to IEC Publication50: International Electrotechn
9、ical Vocabulary (IEV), which is issued in the form of separate chapters each dealing with a specific field, the General Index being published as a separate booklet. Full details of the IEV will be supplied on request. The terms and definitions contained in the present publication have either been ta
10、ken from the IEV or have been specifically approved for the purpose of this publication. Some Sections and Parts of BS4727 are identical with or technically equivalent to IEC Publication50. All Parts of BS3939, except for Part1, are identical with IEC Publication617. Additional information. ISO2041
11、referred to in the text was the1975 edition of the standard. This edition has now been superseded by ISO2041:1990. BS3015:1991 is identical with ISO2041:1990. In2.2, paragraph1, line2 and10.2, line3, reference is made to “IECPublication000”. This publication has now been published as IEC41:1991 and
12、it is envisaged that, if it is accepted as a European Standard, it will be published in the BS EN series. EN60994 was produced as a result of international discussion in which the UnitedKingdom took an active part. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a cont
13、ract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, theEN title page, pages2to 60, an
14、 inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN60994 October1992 UDC 534.6:534.83:621.22:621
15、.65 Descriptors: Hydraulic machine, turbine, pump, measuring, vibration, test, test conditions English version Guide for field measurement of vibrations and pulsations inhydraulic machines (turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines) (IEC994:1991) Guide pour la mesure in situ des vibrations et fluctu
16、ations sur machines hydrauliques (turbines, pompes daccumulation et pompes-turbines) (CEI994:1991) Leitfaden fr die Messung von Schwingungen und Druckpulsationen an hydraulischen Maschinen (Turbinen, Speicherpumpen und Pumpturbinen) in Kraftwerken (IEC994:1991) This European Standard was approved by
17、 CENELEC on1992-09-15. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national sta
18、ndards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and no
19、tified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
20、and UnitedKingdom. CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B-1050 Brussels 1992 Copyright reserved to CENELEC members Ref. No. EN60994:199
21、2 EEN60994:1992 BSI 01-2000 2 Foreword The CENELEC questionnaire procedure, performed for finding out whether or not the International Standard IEC994:1991 could be accepted without textual changes, has shown that no common modifications were necessary for the acceptance as European Standard. The re
22、ference document was submitted to the CENELEC members for formal vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN60994 on15September1992. The following dates were fixed: Annexes designated “normative” are part of the body of the standard. In this standard, Annex ZA is normative. Contents Page Foreword 2 Intro
23、duction 5 Section 1. General 1 Scope and object 6 1.1 Scope 6 1.2 Object 6 1.3 Excluded topics 6 2 Terms, definitions, symbols and units 7 2.1 Units 7 2.2 Terms 7 2.3 List of terms specific to this guide 7 2.4 Classification of hydraulic machines 14 3 Guarantees 21 Section 2. Execution of tests 4 Te
24、st conditions to be fulfilled 21 4.1 Operating conditions under which measurements are performed 21 4.2 Checks on the machine before the beginning of tests 21 5 Test procedure 22 5.1 Parameters determining the operating point 22 5.2 Vibration and pulsation quantities tobemeasured and locations of me
25、asuring points 23 5.3 Personnel 25 5.4 Agreement of test procedure 25 5.5 Test programme 25 5.6 Preparations for tests 26 5.7 Observations 26 5.8 Repetition of tests 27 Section 3. Methods of measurement, data acquisition and processing 6 Considerations relating to the methods of measurement 27 6.1 V
26、ibrations 27 6.2 Radial vibrations of the shaft relative to the bearings 27 6.3 Pressure pulsations 30 6.4 Stresses 30 6.5 Shaft torque pulsations 31 6.6 Rotational speed pulsations 31 6.7 Power pulsations 31 6.8 Guide vane torque pulsations 31 latest date of publication ofan identical national stan
27、dard (dop)1993-09-01 latest date of withdrawal ofconflicting national standards (dow)1993-09-01EN60994:1992 BSI 01-2000 3 Page 6.9 Radial thrust pulsations measured at the guide bearings 32 6.10 Axial thrust pulsations measured at the thrust bearing 34 6.11 Measured quantities defining the machine o
28、perating point 35 7 Calibration 35 7.1 General 35 7.2 Direct calibration 35 7.3 Calibration by electrical reference signals 37 8 Recording 37 8.1 Graphical recorders 37 8.2 Magnetic tape recorders 38 8.3 Digital recording 38 9 Data acquisition and processing 39 9.1 General 39 9.2 Selection of data p
29、rocessing methods 40 10 Measurement uncertainties 43 11 Final report 44 Appendix A Formulae for calculating principalstresses and signal processing for dynamicstrain measurements with rosettes 45 Appendix B Formulae for calculating thetorqueona cylindrical solid shaft andtheaxialload on a rectangula
30、r orcircularsection link using the straingaugetechnique 47 Appendix C Example of final report 49 Appendix D Distortion of pressurepulsationmeasurements for transducersmounted with connecting pipe 58 Annex ZA (normative) Other internationalpublications quoted in this standardwith the references of th
31、e relevantEuropean publications 60 Figure 1 Definition of flow velocity 12 Figure 2 Definition of thickness of trailing edgeofa hydraulic profile 12 Figure 3 Some arrangements of hydraulicmachines 15 Figure 3a Example of a vertical suspendedmachine (Francis turbine) withthreeguide bearings 16 Figure
32、 3b Example of a vertical machine (Francisturbine) of umbrella type with the bearingon the turbine head cover and cantileverarrangement of the generator 16 Page Figure 3c Example of a vertical machine(Francisturbine) of umbrella-type with the thrustbearing on theheadcover and two guidebearings 17 Fi
33、gure 3d Example of a vertical machine (four-stage storage pump) withthethrustbearingat the lower end oftheshaftandthree guidebearings 17 Figure 3e Example of a horizontal machine(Francis turbine) with two bearings 18 Figure 3f Example of a horizontal machine(Francis turbine) with four bearings 18 Fi
34、gure 3g Example of a horizontal machinewithtwo bearings, a Francis turbineonthe left anda single stage pumpontheright side 18 Figure 3h Example of a bulb machinewithacantilever arrangement oftherunnerandgenerator 19 Figure 3i Example of a bulb machine withanadditional radial bearing located ontheout
35、let stayring 19 Figure 3k Example of an S-type machine 20 Figure 4 Basic combination of units forameasuring and analysis system forvibrationparameters 29 Figure 5 Strain gauge arrangementfortorquemeasurement 32 Figure 6 Guide vane stem with straingaugesfortorque measurement 33 Figure 7 Torque measur
36、ement on oneguidevaneby means of straingaugesappliedon the link 34 Figure A.1 Schematic arrangement foranalogueon-line processing ofrosettestraindata 46 Figure A.2 Schematic arrangement of digital on-line processing of rosette strain data 47 Figure B.1 Connection of the strain gauges fortorque measu
37、rement on a cylindrical shaft 49 Figure B.2 Connection of the strain gauges fortheaxial load measurement on a cylindrical orrectangular section link 49 Figure C.1 Example of a possible list of tests 52 Figure C.2 Example of a possible list of operational conditions during the tests 53 Figure C.3 Exa
38、mple of a possible list of testresults of vibration measurements 54 Figure C.4 Example of a possible list of test results of pressure pulsation measurements 55EN60994:1992 BSI 01-2000 4 Page Figure C.5 Example of a diagram showingonevariable for several tests 56 Figure C.6 Example of a diagram showi
39、ngseveralvariables for one test 57 Figure C.7 Example of a diagram showingtheresults of an analysis 58 Figure D.1 Schematic arrangementofpressuretransducer mountedwithconnectingpipe 59EN60994:1992 BSI 01-2000 5 Introduction On a machine in service, pulsations and vibrations which cannot be avoided a
40、nd which do not affect by themselves the service life of the plant where they occur, can always be observed. Their values depend on many factors, among which are the flow pattern in the water passages under different operating conditions of the unit, peculiarities of the design as well as the thorou
41、ghness of manufacture, erection and maintenance. Such pulsations and vibrations can be considered as detrimental only when certain parts of the machine or of the plant are subject to forces that may impair its resistance or when unacceptable disturbances are carried to its environment. In extreme ca
42、ses, vibrations in hydraulic machines can result in the formation of cracks and even in fracture of components due to fatigue 1) . Excessive vibration in hydraulic machines not only can reduce their trouble-free service life but can also affect operation of governing systems and instruments, the beh
43、aviour of the attached structures and the health of personnel. Measurement of pulsation and vibration characteristics or, preferably, of their effects is to be carried out in accordance with this guide which also gives the information necessary to derive the value of the physical quantities from the
44、 readings of the measuring instruments. Given the present state of knowledge, it can only be hoped that measurements made in compliance with this guide will reveal a basic characteristic making it possible to relate pulsations and vibrations to their effects statistically, with an acceptable confide
45、nce level. Vibration studies of a hydraulic machine represent a long and difficult operation and hence are expensive (particularly as regards the non-availability of the machine) and therefore should be undertaken only if a limited number of measurements of stresses or movements indicates the possib
46、ility of a real danger. The purpose of such work is, if possible, to eliminate the source of detrimental loadings after having identified it or, should this not be practicable, to define an operating procedure reducing such loadings to an acceptable level. There are many sources of disturbances but
47、a very small number of them, and even one only, may create a real problem on a given machine. As a rule, the vibrational state of a hydraulic machine is assessed from tests in which the vibration is measured at individual characteristic points of the structure. A standard experimental set-up, design
48、ed on the basis of good practice and experience, should already yield sufficient indications about the general vibrational conditions of the machine. However, examination of results thus acquired can sometimes point to strong local amplification (resonance) in some vital parts of the machine; if suc
49、h is the case, the affected part(s) should be more closely investigated by means of an appropriate experimental arrangement. Flow pattern in the water passages may have important effects on the vibrations of hydraulic machines. In order to obtain an accurate vibration analysis, it is common practice to relate appropriately located measurements of vibrations (see5.2.1 and5.2.2) with appropriately located measurements of pulsations 2)of other important quantities, such as: pressure pulsations (see5.2.3);
