1、Designation:A437/A437M11 Designation: A437/A437M 12Standard Specification forStainless and Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting SpeciallyHeat Treated for High-Temperature Service1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A437/A437M; the number immediately following the designation indicates th
2、e yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2covers stainless and alloy-ste
3、el bolting specially heat treated for high-temperature service, such as steamturbine, gas turbine, and similar uses. See Specification A962/A962M for the definition of bolting. This material requires specialprocessing and should not be used in general-purpose applications. Bolting furnished as bars
4、shall be hot wrought and may befurther processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing.1.2 The high-temperature properties of the bolting covered by this specification are dependent upon special heat treatment,which is required. Although the high-temperature properties are not specified, they ar
5、e implied by control of the chemistry, heattreatment, and room-temperature properties of the material.1.3 Three levels of bolting strength are covered, designated Grades B4B, B4C, and B4D.1.4 The following referenced general requirements are indispensable for application of this specification: Speci
6、ficationA962/A962M.1.5 Supplementary requirements are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall applyonly when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI
7、units; however, unless the purchase order or contractspecifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI unitsare shown in bra
8、ckets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be usedindependently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A962/A962M Specification for Common R
9、equirements for Bolting Intended for Use atAny Temperature from Cryogenic to theCreep RangeE292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture Notch Tension Tests of MaterialsE112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size3. Ordering Information3.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser
10、to specify all requirements necessary for product under this specification. Suchrequirements to be considered include, but are not limited to, the following:3.1.1 Specification designation, grade, issue date, and revision letter,3.1.2 Quantity (weight or number of pieces),3.1.3 Description (bars, bo
11、lts, nuts, etc.),3.1.4 Dimensions,3.1.5 Finish, and3.1.6 Impact testing of nuts, if required (see Section 98).4. Common Requirements4.1 Bolting supplied to this specification shall conform to the requirements of Specification A962/A962M. These requirements1This specification is under the jurisdictio
12、n of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.22on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.Current edition approved Nov.May 1, 2011.2012.
13、Published December 2011.June 2012. Originally approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 20102011 asA437/A437M10a.A437/A437M11. DOI: 10.1520/A0437_A0437M-112.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-437 in Section II of that code.3For referenced AS
14、TM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the us
15、er of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard a
16、s published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.include test methods, finish, thread dimensions, macroetch
17、 (Grade B4D only), marking, certification, optional supplementaryrequirements, and others. Failure to comply with the requirements of Specification A962/A962M constitutes nonconformance withthis specification. In case of conflict between this specification and Specification A962/A962M, this specific
18、ation shall prevail.A437/A437M 1225. Discard5.1A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot to ensure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.6.Heat Treatment6.15.1 Grades B4B and B4C shall be heated to a temperature range of 1875 to 1925 F 1025 to 1050 C and liquid quenchedto belo
19、w 600 F 316 C. The material Grades B4B and B4C shall then be uniformly reheated for tempering at a temperingtemperature at least 100 F 55 C higher than the proposed operating temperature but not less than 1150 F 620 C, then airor furnace cooled to room temperature. The material shall be at the tempe
20、ring temperature for a minimum of 2 h. Double temperingmay be used to enhance properties.6.25.2 Grade B4D shall be heated to a temperature range of 1700 to 1750 F 925 to 954 C and oil quenched. The material shallthen be uniformly reheated or tempered at a temperature of 1200 F 650 C minimum, followe
21、d by air or furnace cooling to roomtemperature.65.3 Stress relieving treatment of the bar material is required after any stretcher, roller, or rotary-straightening or cold-finishingoperations performed after heat treatment for mechanical properties. Local gagging or press straightening to correct ca
22、mberlimitations in excess of 1/4 in. in any 5 ft 6 mm in any 1.5 m shall be followed by a stress relieving heat treatment. The minimumstress relieving temperature shall be 100 F 55 C below the minimum tempering temperature as shown in 6.15.1 for Grades B4Band B4C or in 6.2 5.2 for Grade B4D.7.6. Che
23、mical Composition76.1 Material shall conform to the requirements as to chemical composition specified in Table 1.8.7. Tensile Requirements87.1 Material shall conform to the requirements as to tensile properties prescribed in Table 2 at room temperature after heattreatment.8.2The7.2 The longitudinal
24、axis of the test specimen shall be parallel to the direction of rolling.9.8. Impact Requirements98.1 Grades B4B, B4C, and B4D shall conform to the requirements as to impact properties prescribed in Table 3 at roomtemperature after heat treatment.10.9. Hardness Tests10.1Grades9.1 Grades B4B, B4C, and
25、 B4D shall conform to the requirements as to hardness as prescribed in Table 4 and Table5 at room temperature after heat treatment.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsAElement Grades B4B, B4CBGrade B4DRange, % ProductVariation, %,Over orUnderRange, % ProductVariation, %,Over orUnderCarbon 0.200.25 0.02 0.3
26、60.44 0.02Manganese 0.501.00 0.03 0.450.70 0.03Phosphorus, max 0.025 0.005 over 0.04 0.005 overSulfur, max 0.025 0.005 over 0.04 0.005 overSilicon 0.200.50 0.05 0.200.35 0.02Nickel 0.501.00 0.03 . .Chromium 11.012.5 0.15 0.801.15 0.05Molybdenum 0.901.25 0.05 0.500.65 0.03Vanadium 0.200.30 0.03 0.250
27、.35 0.03Tungsten 0.901.25 0.05 . .Aluminum, maxC0.05 . 0.015 .Titanium, max 0.05 . . .Tin, max 0.04 . . .ASteel to which lead has been added shall not be used.BUNS S42200.CTotal, Soluble + InsolubleA437/A437M 12311.10. Nuts11.1When10.1 When specified by the purchaser, nuts shall be subject to the im
28、pact and tension requirements of thisspecification. The tests shall be made on test specimens taken from the bar or plate used in the manufacture of the nuts.12.11. Threads12.1All11.1 All threads shall be formed after heat treatment.13.12. Nondestructive Inspection13.112.1 Each bar or forged blank o
29、f starting material shall be subjected to NDE following final heat treatment. The method usedshall be either the Eddy Current (EC), the Magnetic Particle (MPI) (wet or dry), the Liquid Penetrant (LPI), the Ultrasonic (UT),or the Visual Testing (VT), at the option of the producer. For LPI or MPI, lin
30、ear indications (those indications longer than116 in.1.5 mm with a length greater than three times their width) are unacceptable. For UT or ET, reject levels for linear indicationsshall be based on the alarm response from a surface notch with a maximum depth of 0.012 in. 0.30 mm in a calibration bar
31、.Product being subjected to VT shall be pickled prior to inspection. VT indications longer than18 in. 3.2 mm are prohibited.14.13. Certification143.1 Certification is required. See Specification A962/A962M.TABLE 2 Tensile RequirementsGrade Diameter, in. mm TensileStrength,min, ksiMPaYieldStrength(0.
32、2 %offset) min,ksi MPaElongationin 2 in. or50 mm,min, %Reductionof Area,min, %B4B . 145 1000 105 720 13 30B4C . 115 790 85 585 18 50B4D 212 65 and under 125 105 18 50860 720over 212 to465to1001107609565517 45over 4 to 7 100 to1801006908558516 45TABLE 3 Impact RequirementsGrade Minimum Impact Value,
33、ftlbf JB4B 10 14B4C 25 34B4DA25 34AFor bars over 5-in. 127-mm diameter only.TABLE 4 Hardness Requirements for Bolts and StudsGrade Brinell Hardness Number, maxB4B 331B4C 277B4D 302TABLE 5 Hardness Requirements for Nuts and WashersGrade Brinell Hardness Number Rockwell HardnessNumberB4B 293341 C 3137
34、B4C 229277 C 2129B4D 263311 C 2733A437/A437M 12415.14. Product Marking15.1Use14.1 Use the grade symbol shown in Table 4. See Specification A962/A962M.16.15. Keywords165.1 boltssteel; chromium alloy steel; fastenerssteel; marking on fasteners; nutssteel; stainless steel; steel barsalloy;steel bolting
35、 material; temperature service applicationshigh; turbine materialsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSOne or more of the following supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified bythe purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order; in which event the specified tests shall be made beforeshipment
36、 of the product.S1. Non-Destructive ExaminationS1.1 NDE is required following all machining and threading. The acceptance criteria of 13.1 12.1 shall apply.S2. Stress Rupture TestingGrade B4BS2.1 Stress rupture testing shall be conducted at 1200 F 650 C and 26 000 psi 180 MPa using a combination tes
37、t bar inaccordance with Test Methods E292. Rupture shall occur in the smooth section of each test specimen. The test may be discontinuedafter 25 h provided the certification so notes. Stress rupture testing is not required on bars less than12 in. 12.7 mm in diameteror thickness.S3. Grain SizeGrades
38、B4B and B4CS3.1 The average grain size shall be 4 or finer. The maximum size of individual grains, distributed at random, shall be a 2. Whenthe average grain size is 5 or finer, only the average size need be reported. Grain size determination shall be performed inaccordance with Test Methods E112.SU
39、MMARY OF CHANGESCommittee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,A437/A437M10a,A437/A437M11, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved NovemberMay 1,2011)2012)(1) Clarified certification and marking to reflect changes to Specific
40、ation ) Dropped the discard requirement, old Section 5, as itis being added to Specification A962/A962M, and renumbered subsequent sections.Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,A437/A437M10a, that may impact the use of this specific
41、ation. (Approved MayNovember 1, 2010)2011)(1) Added new Supplementary Requirements S2 and S3. ) Clarified certification and marking to reflect changes to SpecificationA962/A962M.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item men
42、tionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee
43、 and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetin
44、g of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
45、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).A437/A437M 125
