1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 16995:2015Solid biofuels Determinationof the water soluble chloride,sodium and potassium contentBS EN ISO 16995:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 16995:2015. It supersedes BS EN 15105:2011 which is withdr
2、awn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are
3、 responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 81561 4 ICS 27.190; 75.160.10 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authorit
4、y of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS EN ISO 16995:20153 Foreword This document (EN ISO 16995:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 “Solid biofuels”in collaboration with Te
5、chnical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identicaltext or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withd
6、rawn atthe latest by August 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patentrights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 15105:2011. This document
7、 has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulga
8、ria, Croatia, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey
9、 and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 16995:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16995:2015 without any modification. EN ISO 16995:2015 (E)EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 16995 February 2015 ICS 27.190; 75.160.10 Supersedes EN 15105:2011English Versi
10、on Solid biofuels - Determination of the water soluble chloride, sodium and potassium content (ISO 16995:2015) Biocombustibles solides - Dtermination de la teneur en chlorure, sodium et potassium solubles dans leau (ISO 16995:2015) Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des wasserlslichen Gehaltes an
11、Chlorid, Natrium und Kalium (ISO 16995:2015)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 29 November 2014. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alterat
12、ion. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made b
13、y translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
14、 Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARD
15、IZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 16995:2015 EBS EN ISO 16995:2015ISO 169
16、95:2015(E)Contents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle 25 Reagents 26 Apparatus . 27 Preparation of the test sample . 28 Procedure. 28.1 Extraction 28.2 Detection methods . 38.2.1 General 38.2.2 Methods for the determination of chlor
17、ide concentration 38.2.3 Methods for the determination of sodium and potassium concentration . 38.3 Blank test . 39 Calculation 410 Performance characteristics 411 Test report . 4Annex A (informative) Performance data . 5Bibliography 7 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiBS EN ISO 16995:2015ISO 16995:20
18、15(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
19、 a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all mat
20、ters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This do
21、cument was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
22、such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and d
23、oes not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary infor
24、mationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 16995:2015ISO 16995:2015(E)IntroductionThe elements chlorine, sodium and potassium are present in solid biofuels. They can contribute significantly to utilization problems such as
25、 corrosion, fouling and slagging in furnaces. Also, they affect the gaseous emissions from the thermal processes.The chlorine content in solid biofuels is mainly present as water soluble inorganic salts such as sodium and potassium chlorides or other ion-exchangeable forms. Determination of the wate
26、r soluble chloride content is thus an alternative and simple method to achieve information of the level of chlorine in solid biofuels. However, the content of water soluble chloride is not to be mistaken for the total content of chlorine in the fuels.In solid biofuels sodium and potassium can be pre
27、sent as both minerals and salts. The salts of these elements are extractable with water and are readily volatile during thermal conversion. By determination of the water soluble content of sodium and potassium, an estimate of the aggressive content of the elements in relation to potential slagging a
28、nd fouling problems can be achieved. For some biofuels, such as straw, experience has shown that the water soluble content of sodium and potassium corresponds to the total content of the elements. The content of water soluble sodium and potassium is not to be mistaken for the total content of the el
29、ements. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS EN ISO 16995:2015BS EN ISO 16995:2015Solid biofuels Determination of the water soluble chloride, sodium and potassium content1 ScopeThis International Standard describes a method for the determination of the water soluble chloride, sodium and potassium conten
30、t in solid biofuels by extraction with water in a closed container and their subsequent quantification by different analytical techniques.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dat
31、ed references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 9964-1, Water quality Determination of sodium and potassium Part 1: Determination of sodium by atomic absorption spectrometryISO 9964-2, Water q
32、uality Determination of sodium and potassium Part 2: Determination of potassium by atomic absorption spectrometryISO 9964-3, Water quality Determination of sodium and potassium Part 3: Determination of sodium and potassium by flame emission spectrometryISO 10304-1, Water quality Determination of dis
33、solved anions by liquid chromatography of ions Part 1: Determination of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfateISO 11885, Water quality Determination of selected elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)ISO 16559, Solid biofuels Termi
34、nology, definitions and descriptionsISO 16993, Solid biofuels Conversion of analytical results from one basis to anotherISO 18134-3, Solid biofuels Determination of moisture content Oven dry method Part 3: Moisture in general analysis simpleEN 14780, Solid biofuels Sample preparationStd. Meth. 4500-
35、Cl- D Standard Methods For the Examination Of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition 1992. 4500-Cl- D. Potentiometric Method3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document the terms and definitions given in ISO 16559 and the following apply.3.1water soluble chloride, sodium and potassium conten
36、tamount of the element which can be extracted with water using the extraction procedure specified in this International StandardINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16995:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 16995:2015ISO 16995:2015(E)4 PrincipleThe fuel sample is heated with water in a closed cont
37、ainer at 120 C for 1 h. The concentrations of chloride, sodium and potassium in the obtained water extract are determined by one of the following techniques: chloride: ion chromatography (IC) or potentiometric titration with silver nitrate;NOTE When potentiometric titration with silver nitrate is us
38、ed, any contents of water soluble bromide and iodide will be included in the determination. sodium and potassium: flame emission spectroscopy (FES) or flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).5 Reagents5.1 Water, containing neg
39、ligible amounts of chloride, sodium and potassium i.e. amounts that do not contribute significantly to the determinations. Deionised water normally fulfil this requirement.6 Apparatus6.1 Heating oven or autoclave, capable of being maintained at a temperature of (120 5) C.6.2 Vessel, made of fluoropo
40、lymer with a volume of about 100 ml and provided with a tight screw cap. The vessel and the cap shall be capable of withstanding at least 125 C (232 kPa). If only the water soluble content of chloride is to be determined, an equivalent low-thermal-expansion borosilicate glass vessel can be used.6.3
41、Balance, with a resolution of at least 1 mg.6.4 General laboratory equipment, such as volumetric flasks and measuring cylinders. If sodium and potassium are to be determined, the use of equipment made of glass shall be avoided.6.5 Membrane filtering apparatus, with membrane filters of mean pore size
42、 0,45 m.7 Preparation of the test sampleThe test sample is the general analysis sample with a nominal top size of 1 mm or less, prepared in accordance with EN 14780.If the results are to be calculated other than on an “as determined” basis, the moisture content of the test sample shall be determined
43、 concurrently by the method specified in ISO 18134-3, using another portion of the test sample.8 Procedure8.1 Extractiona) Weigh, in an empty clean vessel (see 6.2), 1,0 g of the analysis sample to the nearest 1 mg.b) Add 50,0 ml water, swirl the content and close the vessel tight.c) Leave the close
44、d vessel in a heating oven or an autoclave at 120 C for 60 min.d) Take the closed vessel out of the oven or the autoclave and let it cool down to room temperature.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 16995:2015ISO 16995:2015(E)WARNING Do not attempt to open the vessel before it is cold.e) Transfe
45、r the content of the vessel to a 100 ml volumetric flask. Wash the inside of the vessel with small portions of water; add the washings to the volumetric flask and make it up to a volume of 100 ml with water.f) Filter a portion of the solution see 8.1 e) through a membrane filter of pore size 0,45 m,
46、 discarding the first portion of the filtrate. Alternatively the filtering can be carried out using a syringe equipped with a 0,45 m pore size filter tip.NOTE If only the water soluble content of chloride is to be determined, filtering may be omitted or a coarse folded filter paper may be used inste
47、ad of the membrane filter.8.2 Detection methods8.2.1 GeneralComplete the determination by measuring the concentration of the elements in the prepared solution; for chloride by using one of the methods stated in 8.2.2 and for sodium and potassium by using one of the methods stated in 8.2.3.8.2.2 Meth
48、ods for the determination of chloride concentrationFor the determination of the chloride concentration one of the following methods shall be used: ion-chromatographic determination according to the principles of ISO 10304-1; potentiometric titration with silver nitrate according to methods described
49、 in Standard Method 4500-Cl- D.NOTE Equivalent national standards e.g. References 1 2 or 3 can be used.Other methods may be used provided that it can be proved that the results obtained are comparable to results obtained by determinations using one of the above stated methods, within the performance characteristics of these methods.8.2.3 Methods for the determination of sodium and potassium concentrationFor the determination of the concentration of sodium and potassium one of the following methods shall be
