1、Vitreous and porcelain enamels Terminology Part 2: Visual representations and descriptions BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 19496-2:2017. The UK particip
2、ation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee STI/36, Vitreous enamel coatings. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are respon
3、sible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017 ISBN 978 0 580 87103 0 ICS 01.040.25; 25.220.50 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authori
4、ty of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2017. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 19496-2 March 2017 ICS 01.040.25; 25.220.50 English Version Vitreou
5、s and porcelain enamels - Terminology - Part 2: Visual representations and descriptions (ISO 19496- 2:2017) maux vitrifis - Terminologie - Partie 2: Reprsentations visuelles et descriptions (ISO 19496- 2:2017) Email und Emaillierungen - Terminologie - Teil 2: Darstellung und Charakterisierung (ISO 1
6、9496- 2:2017) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 February 2017. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibl
7、iographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the respon
8、sibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Repu
9、blic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN
10、DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 19496-2:2017 EEN ISO 19496-2:2017 (E) 2 Contents Page Europea
11、n foreword . 3 BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017EN ISO 19496-2:2017 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN ISO 19496-2:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107 “Metallic and other inorganic coatings” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 262 “Metallic and other inorganic coatings
12、, including for corrosion protection and corrosion testing of metals and alloys” the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2017, and confli
13、cting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According
14、 to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Gre
15、ece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 19496-2:2017 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 19496
16、-2:2017 without any modification. BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 ISO 19496-2:2017(E)Foreword v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Enamelling defects . 1 4.1 Chipping 1 4.1.1 Further designations 1 4.1.2 Description 1 4.1.3 Origin and causes 1 4.2 Lines . 3 4.2.1 Hairlines 3
17、4.2.2 Bubble lines 4 4.2.3 Watermarks 5 4.2.4 Linear cracks . 6 4.3 Lumps . 6 4.3.1 Further designations 6 4.3.2 Description 6 4.3.3 Origin and causes 6 4.4 Dimples 7 4.4.1 Further designations 7 4.4.2 Description 7 4.4.3 Origin and causes 7 4.5 Blisters . 8 4.5.1 Further designations 8 4.5.2 Descri
18、ption 8 4.5.3 Origin and causes 8 4.6 Spots and specks . 9 4.6.1 Further designations 9 4.6.2 Description 9 4.6.3 Origin and causes 9 4.7 Crawling .10 4.7.1 Further designations .10 4.7.2 Description .11 4.7.3 Origin and causes .11 4.8 Copperheads and burn-offs 11 4.8.1 Further designations .11 4.8.
19、2 Description .12 4.8.3 Origin and causes .12 4.9 Fish scales 13 4.9.1 Further designations .13 4.9.2 Description .14 4.9.3 Origin and causes .14 4.10 Pinholes 14 4.10.1 Further designations .14 4.10.2 Description .14 4.10.3 Origin and causes .15 4.11 Ripples .15 4.11.1 Further designations .15 4.11
20、.2 Description .15 4.11.3 Origin and causes .15 4.12 Poor adherence 16 4.12.1 Further designations .16 4.12.2 Description .16 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iii Contents Page BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 ISO 19496-2:2017(E)4.12.3 Origin and causes .16 4.13 Cracks .17 4.13.1 Further designations .17 4.13.2 D
21、escription .17 4.13.3 Origin and causes .17 iv ISO 2017 All rights reserved BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 ISO 19496-2:2017(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Sta
22、ndards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also
23、take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In
24、 particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elem
25、ents of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations receive
26、d (see www .iso .org/ patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
27、as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html. This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings. A
28、 list of all parts in the ISO 19496 series can be found on the ISO website. ISO 2017 All rights reserved v BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 Vitreous and porcelain enamels Terminology Part 2: Visual representations and descriptions 1 Scope This document establishes a system for the catalo
29、guing of defects in sheet steel enamelling. It serves for a consistent language use concerning the designation and characterization of enamelling defects. This document is limited to detectable defects and does not purport to fully take into consideration all occurring types of defects. It does not
30、evaluate enamelling defects; the classification carried out serves for the conveyance of practical knowledge. 2 Normative references There are no normative references in this document. 3 T erms a nd definiti ons No terms and definitions are listed in this document. ISO and IEC maintain terminologica
31、l databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at h t t p :/ www .electropedia .org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at h t t p :/ www .iso .org/ obp 4 Enamelling defects 4.1 Chipping 4.1.1 Further designations spalling pop-offs peeling delamin
32、ation 4.1.2 Description Chipping (see Figure 1) is surface detachment of the vitreous enamel exposing the layer below or also the substrate. 4.1.3 Origin and causes Chipping occurs if the stress in the vitreous enamel layer is too great or the adhesion between the vitreous enamel and the substrate i
33、s too low. INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 19496-2:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1 BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 ISO 19496-2:2017(E) Possible causes are compressive stress in the enamel layer which is too high, due to incorrect material combination or a construction not suitable for enamelling, poor adh
34、erence of the vitreous enamel layer on the sheet steel, mechanical stress, and thermal stress. a) Pop-off resulting from impact on the rear side b) Chipping resulting from too high a compressive stress c) Chipping resulting from too high a compressive stress and poor adherence Figure 1 Spalling2 ISO
35、 2017 All rights reserved BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 ISO 19496-2:2017(E) 4.2 Lines 4.2.1 Hairlines 4.2.1.1 Further designations strain lines tension lines 4.2.1.2 Description Continuous, clearly defined line (see Figure 2) in the vitreous enamel surface; single, parallel or concentric. 4.2.1.3 Origin an
36、d causes Hairlines result from reactions during the firing of the vitreous enamel. Possible causes are lamination or rolled-in scale in the steel (rolling lines), pre-treatment residue, crazing in vitreous enamel layers underneath, uneven heating-up, especially work pieces which have differing wall
37、thicknesses, construction of parts which are unsuitable for enamelling, vitreous enamel layer too thick, vitreous enamel too finely milled, incorrect matching of ground-coat and cover coat enamel with regard to the smelting behaviour, insufficient firing grate supports, unequal temperature distribut
38、ion in the furnace, use of outdated steel despite low deformation, and too low a yield strength of the substrate. ISO 2017 All rights reserved 3 BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 ISO 19496-2:2017(E) a) Hairlines, top view b) Hairlines, top view corresponding cross section; see Figure 2 c) c ) C r o s s s e c t
39、 i o n o f t w o h a i r l i n e s w h i c h r e s u l t f r o m t o o s o f t o r t o o f i n e l y m i l l e d g r o u n d - c o a t Figure 2 Hairlines 4.2.2 Bubble lines 4.2.2.1 Further designations pearl lines 4.2.2.2 Description Linearly open or closed blisters located in the vitreous enamel su
40、rface (see Figure 3). 4.2.2.3 Origin and causes Bubble lines are a result of gas-forming reactions in the firing of the vitreous enamel. Possible causes are lamination or rolled-in scale in the steel (rolling lines),4 ISO 2017 All rights reserved BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 ISO 19496-2:2017(E) pre-treatm
41、ent residue, contamination of the substrate surface, crazing in the vitreous enamel layers underneath, vitreous enamel layer too thick, poor weld seam production, and incorrect filler material for weld seam. Figure 3 Bubble line as a result of lamination 4.2.3 Watermarks 4.2.3.1 Further designations
42、 shorelines water streaks 4.2.3.2 Description Continuous, not clearly defined line (see Figure 4) in the vitreous enamel surface; single, parallel or dispersing. 4.2.3.3 Origin and causes Watermarks occur during application of the slip. Possible causes are localized salt accumulation during slip dry
43、ing, recondensation in hollow bodies during uneven drying, incorrect slip consistency, inappropriate application technique, and inappropriate substrate design. ISO 2017 All rights reserved 5 BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 ISO 19496-2:2017(E) Figure 4 Drying lines 4.2.4 Linear cracks See 4.13. 4.3 Lumps 4.3.
44、1 Further designations bumps pimple 4.3.2 Description Raised area in the vitreous enamel surface (see Figure 5). 4.3.3 Origin and causes contamination of the vitreous enamel slip slip ingredients too coarse surface bulged by a closed blister localized thick enamel application6 ISO 2017 All rights re
45、served BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 ISO 19496-2:2017(E) a) Lump resulting from inhomogeneity b) Lump resulting from blister, top view c) Lump caused by a closed blister Figure 5 Lump 4.4 Dimples 4.4.1 Further designations depression 4.4.2 Description Shallow depression in the vitreous enamel surface (see
46、Figure 6). 4.4.3 Origin and causes Dimples result from localized changes in the surface tension and/or viscosity of the vitreous enamel layer, as well as collapsing blisters. Possible causes are borax crystals in the slip, ISO 2017 All rights reserved 7 BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 ISO 19496-2:2017(E) sul
47、fur compounds, iron, molybdenum and tungsten contamination, and large blisters which, after firing, are closed but have not smelted to a smooth finish. a) Dimple resulting from borax crystals b) Dimples, top view Figure 6 Dimples 4.5 Blisters 4.5.1 Further designations boiling defect scum blisters b
48、lister groups 4.5.2 Description Visible, open or closed hollow spaces on the vitreous enamel surface (see Figure 7). 4.5.3 Origin and causes Blisters are a result of gas formation during the firing of the vitreous enamel. Possible causes are reaction of gas-forming components in the substrate, lamin
49、ation or rolled-in scale in the steel (rolling lines), welding seam defect, emission of hydrogen during firing, slip (mill additions, slip too old, incorrect enamel combination), pre-treatment residue, organic contamination, furnace atmosphere (too humid, poor furnace ventilation), and8 ISO 2017 All rights reserved BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017 ISO 19496-2:2017(E) burnt ground-coat. a) Open blister,
