1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 11665-11:2016Measurement of radioactivityin the environment Air:radon-222Part 11: Test method for soil gas withsampling at depthBS ISO 11665-11:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 11665-11:2016.The UK participati
2、on in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are
3、responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 83246 8 ICS 13.040.01; 17.240 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority
4、 of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 11665-11:2016 ISO 2016Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Air: radon-222 Part 11: Test method for soil gas with sampling at depthMesurage de l
5、a radioactivit dans lenvironnement Air: radon 222 Partie 11: Mthode dessai pour le gaz du sol avec un prlvement en profondeurINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO11665-11First edition2016-04-15Reference numberISO 11665-11:2016(E)BS ISO 11665-11:2016ISO 11665-11:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PR
6、OTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without pr
7、ior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 11
8、665-11:2016ISO 11665-11:2016(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms, definitions and symbols 23.1 Terms and definitions . 23.2 Symbols . 24 Principle 35 Equipment . 36 Sampling 46.1 Sampling objective . 46.2 Sampling characteristics . 46.3 Sampling conditions . 46.3.1
9、General 46.3.2 Location of sampling place 56.3.3 Sampling duration 56.3.4 Volume of air sampled . 56.3.5 Minimal depth of sampling . 57 Detection . 68 Measurement . 68.1 Procedure 68.2 Influence quantities 68.3 Calibration 79 Expression of results 79.1 Radon activity concentration 79.2 Standard unce
10、rtainty . 79.3 Decision threshold and detection limit 79.4 Limits of the confidence interval . 810 Test report . 8Annex A (informative) Values of soil-gas volumes available for extraction 10Annex B (normative) Measurement method using an active sampling 11Annex C (normative) Measurement method using
11、 a passive sampling 18Annex D (informative) Examples of soil-gas sampling probes for active sampling 21Bibliography .24 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 11665-11:2016ISO 11665-11:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of n
12、ational standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Inter
13、national organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those inte
14、nded for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www
15、.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document w
16、ill be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expres
17、sions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy,
18、 nuclear technologies, and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.ISO 11665 consists of the following parts, under the general title Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Air: radon-222: Part 1: Origins of radon and its short-lived decay products and associated
19、 measurement methods Part 2: Integrated measurement method for determining average potential alpha energy concentration of its short-lived decay products Part 3: Spot measurement method of the potential alpha energy concentration of its short-lived decay products Part 4: Integrated measurement metho
20、d for determining average activity concentration using passive sampling and delayed analysis Part 5: Continuous measurement method of the activity concentration Part 6: Spot measurement method of the activity concentration Part 7: Accumulation method for estimating surface exhalation rate Part 8: Me
21、thodologies for initial and additional investigations in buildings Part 9: Test methods for exhalation rate of building materials Part 11: Test method for soil gas with sampling at depthThe following part is under preparation: Part 10: Determination of the diffusion coefficient in waterproof materia
22、ls using activity concentration measurementiv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 11665-11:2016ISO 11665-11:2016(E)IntroductionRadon isotopes 222, 220 and 219 are radioactive gases produced by the disintegration of radium isotopes 226, 224 and 223, which are decay products of uranium-238, thorium-232
23、 and uranium-235, respectively, and are all found in the Earths crust. Solid elements, also radioactive, followed by stable lead are produced by radon disintegration1.When disintegrating, radon emits alpha particles and generates solid decay products, which are also radioactive (polonium, bismuth, l
24、ead, etc.). The potential effects on human health of radon lie in its solid decay products rather than the gas itself. Whether or not they are attached to atmospheric aerosols, radon decay products can be inhaled and deposited in the bronchopulmonary tree to varying depths according to their size.Ra
25、don is today considered to be the main source of human exposure to natural radiation. Reference 2 suggests that, at the worldwide level, radon accounts for around 52 % of global average exposure to natural radiation. The radiological impact of isotope 222 (48 %) is far more significant than isotope
26、220 (4 %), while isotope 219 is considered negligible. For this reason, references to radon in this part of ISO 11665 refer only to radon-222.Radon activity concentration can vary from one to multiple orders of magnitude over time and space. Exposure to radon and its decay products varies tremendous
27、ly from one area to another, as it depends firstly on the amount of radon emitted by the soil and the building materials in each area and, secondly, on the degree of containment and weather conditions in the areas where individuals are exposed.As radon tends to concentrate in enclosed spaces like ho
28、uses, the main part of the population exposure is due to indoor radon. Soil gas is recognized as the most important source of residential radon through infiltration pathways. Other sources are described in other parts of ISO 11665 (building materials) and ISO 13164 (water).Measurements of radon in t
29、he soil gas are performed for several applications dealing with radon risk management (drawing up of radon potential maps, defining radon-prone areas, characterization of radon potential of building sites, characterization of soil contaminated with radium-226, defining mitigation techniques to be ap
30、plied in a building, verification of applied mitigation techniques, etc.), and phenomenological observation (understanding radon transport mechanisms in the soil and from the soil into the building, identification and analysis of radon entry parameters, gas activity measurement for survey of CO2, vo
31、lcanic eruption prediction, earthquake prediction, etc.).The radon activity concentrations in the soil gas not only vary substantially at the season scale but also from day to day and even from hour to hour. It also varies in space in the horizontal, as well as the vertical dimension, depending on t
32、he following parameters characterizing the soil properties34519: geochemical parameters of soils (mainly distribution of uranium and radium in soils and rocks and their localization influencing the radon emanation); physical parameters of all present layers of soils (grain size, permeability, porosi
33、ty and effective porosity, soil moisture and water saturation, density); geological situation (thickness of Quaternary cover, weathering character of the bedrock, stratification, modification of layers by various antropogeneous activities); soil structure (deformation, presence of cracks); hydrologi
34、cal and geodynamic processes (transport of gaseous and liquid substances in porous and fractured environment, radium and radon in underground/fissure water); geomorphological situation (location of the area in a valley, on the slopes, or on the top of a hill); exogenous/meteorological factors (tempe
35、rature, pressure, precipitation). ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS ISO 11665-11:2016ISO 11665-11:2016(E)Because of these fluctuations, standardized measurement protocols are needed in order to ensure accurate and consistent measurement results of radon in the soils to ensure that they can be compare
36、d in time and space.Depending on the depth, the values usually found in the soil gas are normally between a few hundred becquerels per cubic metre and several hundred of thousand becquerels per cubic metre. Activity concentrations can reach several billions of becquerels per cubic metre in radium-ri
37、ch soils.Theoretically, the radon activity concentration in the soil gas can be defined for any variable depth below the ground surface and it generally increases with depth below the surface in an ideal homogeneous soil6. But there is a minimal depth below the ground surface, at which the parameter
38、 can be really measured. The minimal depth depends on the soil properties at a given place and on the measurement method used. In particular, it depends on the volume of the soil gas sample. When the depth below the ground surface is lower than the above mentioned minimal depth, the soil gas sample
39、is diluted with atmospheric air and the real value of radon activity concentration in the soil gas is underestimated (see Annex A).NOTE The origin of radon-222 and its short-lived decay products in the atmospheric environment and other measurement methods are described generally in ISO 11665-1.vi IS
40、O 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 11665-11:2016INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11665-11:2016(E)Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Air: radon-222 Part 11: Test method for soil gas with sampling at depth1 ScopeThis part of ISO 11665 describes radon-222 test methods for soil gas using passive an
41、d active in-situ sampling at depth comprised between surface and 2 m.This part of ISO 11665 gives general requirements for the sampling techniques, either passive or active and grab or continuous, for in-situ radon-222 activity concentrations measurement in soil gas.The radon-222 activity concentrat
42、ion in the soil can be measured by spot or continuous measurement methods (see ISO 11665-1). In case of spot measurement methods (ISO 11665-6), the soil gas sampling is active only. On the other hand, the continuous methods (ISO 11665-5) are typically associated with passive soil gas sampling.The me
43、asurement methods are applicable to all types of soil and are determined according to the end use of the measurement results (phenomenological observation, definition or verification of mitigation techniques, etc.) taking into account the expected level of the radon-222 activity concentration.These
44、measurement methods are applicable to soil gas samples with radon activity concentrations greater than 100 Bq/m3.NOTE This part of ISO 11665 is complementary with ISO 11665-7 for characterization of the radon soil potential.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are norm
45、atively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 10381-7, Soil quality Sampling Part 7: Guidance on samplin
46、g of soil gasISO 11665-1, Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Air: radon-222 Part 1: Origins of radon and its short-lived decay products and associated measurement methodsISO 11665-5, Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Air: radon-222 Part 5: Continuous measurement method of
47、the activity concentrationISO 11665-6, Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Air: radon-222 Part 6: Spot measurement method of the activity concentrationISO 11929, Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the confidence interval) for ion
48、izing radiation measurements Fundamentals and application ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 11665-11:2016ISO 11665-11:2016(E)3 Terms, definitions and symbols3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11665-1 and the following apply.3.1.1wate
49、r saturation of soilpart of soil pores filled with water3.1.2effective soil porosityratio of the volume of soil pores, which is available for transport, and the volume of soil3.1.3effective air porosityratio of the volume of soil pores filled with air, which is available for transport, and the volume of soil3.1.4activity concentration in soil airactivity per unit volume of soil air3.1.5active soil-gas samplingsampling by extracting a certain volume of soil-gasSOURCE: ISO 10381-7:20053.1.6passiv
