1、Fired Steam GeneratorsAN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDASME PTC 4-2008(Revision of ASME PTC 4-1998)Performance Test CodesCopyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ASME PTC 4-2008Fired Steam Gene
2、ratorsPerformance Test CodesAN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD(Revision of ASME PTC 4-1998)Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Date of Issuance: January 9, 2009This Code will be revised whe
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10、without the prior written permission of the publisher.The American Society of Mechanical EngineersThree Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990Copyright 2009 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSAll rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with
11、 ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-iiiCONTENTSNotice viForeword viiCommittee Roster ixCorrespondence With the PTC 4 Committee xSection 1 Object and Scope 11-1 Object . 11-2 Scope 11-3 Typical Uncertainty for Efficiency . 21-4 Steam Generator Boun
12、daries . 3Section 2 Definitions and Description of Terms 122-1 Definitions 122-2 Abbreviations . 152-3 Units and Conversions 15Section 3 Guiding Principles . 173-1 Introduction 173-2 Performance Test Procedures . 203-3 References to Other Codes and Standards . 273-4 Tolerances and Test Uncertainties
13、 . 28Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement 294-1 Guiding Principles . 294-2 Data Required 294-3 General Measurement Requirements . 324-4 Temperature Measurement 484-5 Pressure Measurement 524-6 Velocity Traverse 534-7 Flow Measurement 534-8 Solid Fuel and Sorbent Sampling 564-9 Liquid and
14、 Gaseous Fuel Sampling 614-10 Sampling of Flue Gas 614-11 Residue Sampling 624-12 Fuel, Sorbent, and Residue Analysis . 634-13 Flue Gas Analysis 634-14 Electric Power . 644-15 Humidity 654-16 Measurements for Surface Radiation and Convection Loss 65Section 5 Computation of Results . 675-1 Introducti
15、on 675-2 Measurement Data Reduction . 675-3 Capacity 705-4 Output (QrO), Btu/hr (W) . 705-5 Input 715-6 Energy Balance . 715-7 Efficiency . 725-8 Fuel Properties . 735-9 Sorbent and Other Additive Properties 755-10 Residue Properties . 775-11 Combustion Air Properties 795-12 Flue Gas Products 82Copy
16、right ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-iv5-13 Air and Flue Gas Temperature 845-14 Losses 875-15 Credits . 945-16 Uncertainty . 955-17 Other Operating Parameters 985-18 Corrections to Standard
17、 or Design Conditions . 995-19 Enthalpy of Air, Flue Gas, and Other Substances Commonly Required for Energy Balance Calculations 1095-20 Calculation Acronyms . 115Section 6 Report of Test Results . 1296-1 Introduction 1296-2 Report Contents . 129Section 7 Uncertainty Analysis . 1317-1 Introduction 1
18、317-2 Fundamental Concepts . 1317-3 Pretest Uncertainty Analysis and Test Planning . 1377-4 Equations and Procedures for Determining the Standard Deviation for the Estimate of Random Error . 1387-5 Equations and Guidance for Determining Systematic Uncertainty . 1427-6 Uncertainty of Test Results 147
19、Figures1-4-1 Typical Oil and Gas-Fired Steam Generator 51-4-2 Typical Pulverized Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Alternative 1: Single Air Heater . 61-4-3 Typical Pulverized Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Alternative 2: Bisector Air Heater 71-4-4 Typical Pulverized Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Alternative 3
20、: Trisector Air Heater . 81-4-5 Typical Circulation Bed Steam Generator 91-4-6 Typical Stoker-Coal-Fired Steam Generator 101-4-7 Typical Bubbling Bed Steam Generator 113-1-1 Steam Generator Energy Balance 183-2-1 Repeatability of Runs 213-2-2 Illustration of Short-Term (Peak to Valley) Fluctuation a
21、nd Deviation From Long-Term (Run) Average . 254-4-1 Sampling Grids: Rectangular Ducts 494-4-2 Sampling Grids: Circular Ducts 504-8-1 Full Stream Cut Solid Sampling Process 574-8-2 Typical “Thief” Probe for Solids Sampling in a Solids Stream . 585-19-1 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Air Versus Temperature
22、 1165-19-2 Mean Specific Heat of Water Vapor Versus Temperature 1175-19-3 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Flue Gas Versus Temperature . 1195-19-4 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Residue Versus Temperature 1207-2.2-1 Types of Errors in Measurements 1337-2.2-2 Time Dependence of Errors 1337-2.3-1 Constant Value a
23、nd Continuous Variable Models 1357-5.2.1-1 Generic Calibration Curve . 144Tables1-3-1 Typical Code Test Uncertainties for Efficiency . 32-3-1 Units and Conversions . 163-1-1 Comparison of Efficiency Determination . 203-2-1 Operating Parameter Deviations . 233-2-2 Minimum Test-Run Duration . 264-2-1
24、Parameters Required for Efficiency Determination by Energy Balance Method 304-2-2 Parameters Required for Efficiency Determination by InputOutput Method . 344-2-3 Parameters Required for Capacity Determination . 354-2-4 Parameters Required for Steam Temperature/Control Range Determination 364-2-5 Pa
25、rameters Required for Exit Flue Gas and Air Entering Temperature Determinations . 37Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-v4-2-6 Parameters Required for Excess Air Determination 384-2-7
26、Parameters Required for Water/Steam Pressure Drop Determinations . 394-2-8 Parameters Required for Air/Flue Gas Pressure Drop Determinations . 404-2-9 Parameters Required for Air Infiltration Determination . 414-2-10 Parameters Required for Sulfur Capture/Retention Determination . 424-2-11 Parameter
27、s Required for Calcium-to-Sulfur Molar Ratio Determination . 424-2-12 Parameters Required for Fuel, Air, and Flue Gas Flow Rate Determinations 434-3-1 Potential Instrumentation Systematic Uncertainty . 444-3-2 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Coal Properties 464-3-3 Potential Systematic Uncertai
28、nty for Limestone Properties 464-3-4 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Fuel Oil Properties . 474-3-5 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Natural Gas Properties 474-8-1 F Distribution . 605-16-1 Two-Tailed Students t-Table for the 95% Confidence Level . 975-20.2-1 Acronyms 1225-20.2-2 Measurement
29、 and Uncertainty Acronyms 128Nonmandatory AppendicesA Calculation Forms 149B Sample Calculations 183C Derivations 262D Gross Efficiency: Energy Balance and InputOutput Method LHV Efficiency: Energy Balance Method 266E The Probable Effects of Coal Properties on Pulverized Coal and Coal and Sorbent Pr
30、operties on Fluidized Bed Steam Generator Design and Performance . 269F References . 280Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-viNOTICEAll Performance Test Codes must adhere to the requir
31、ements of ASME PTC 1, General Instructions. The following information is based on that document and is included here for emphasis and for the convenience of the user of the Code. It is expected that the Code user is fully cognizant of Sections 1 and 3 of ASME PTC 1 and has read them prior to applyin
32、g this Code.ASME Performance Test Codes provide test procedures that yield results of the highest level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering knowledge and practice currently available. They were developed by balanced committees representing all concerned interests and specify procedures,
33、 instrumentation, equipment-operating requirements, calculation methods, and uncertainty analysis.When tests are run in accordance with a Code, the test results themselves, without adjustment for uncertainty, yield the best available indication of the actual performance of the tested equipment. ASME
34、 Performance Test Codes do not specify means to compare those results to contractual guarantees. Therefore, it is recommended that the parties to a commercial test agree before starting the test and preferably before signing the contract on the method to be used for comparing the test results to the
35、 contractual guarantees. It is beyond the scope of any Code to determine or interpret how such comparisons shall be made.Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-viiFOREWORDThe Test Code fo
36、r Stationary Steam Generating Units was one of the group of 10 forming the 1915 Edition of the ASME Power Test codes. A revision of these codes was begun in 1918, and the Test Code for Stationary Steam Generating Units was reissued in revised form in October 1926. Further revisions were issued in Fe
37、bruary 1930 and January 1936.In October 1936 the standing Power Test Code Committee requested Committee No. 4 to consider a revision of the Code to provide for heat balance tests on large steam generating units. In rewriting the Code, advantage was taken of the experience of the several companies in
38、 the utility field that had developed test methods for large modern units including the necessary auxiliary equipment directly involved in the operation of the units. At the same time the needs of the small installations were not overlooked. At the November 3, 1945, meeting of the standing Power Tes
39、t Codes Committee, this revision was approved. On May 23, 1946, the Code was approved and adopted by the Council.In view of the continuously increasing size and complexity of steam generating units, it was obvious that changes were required in the 1946 Edition of the Test Code. In May 1958 the techn
40、ical committee was reorganized to prepare this revision. The completely revised Code, the Test Code for Steam Generating Units, was approved by the Power Test Codes Committee on March 20, 1964. It was further approved and adopted by the Council as a standard practice of the Society by action of the
41、Board on Codes and Standards on June 24, 1964.The Board on Performance Test Codes (BPTC) in 1980 directed that the Code be reviewed to determine whether it should be revised to reflect current engineering practices. A committee was soon formed, and it had its first meeting in May 1981. The Committee
42、 soon recognized that the Code should be totally rewritten to reflect several changes in steam generator technology (primarily the increasing usage of fluidized bed combustors and other technologies for emission control) and in performance testing technology (primarily the widespread use of electron
43、ic instrumentation and the consideration of test uncertainty analysis as a tool for designing and measuring the quality of a performance test). The Committee decided that the new code should discourage the use of an abbreviated test procedure (commonly known as “The Short Form” from PTC 4.1). The PT
44、C 4 Code supersedes PTC 4.1, which is no longer an American National Standard or ASME Code. (Technical Inquiry #04-05 describes the differences between the PTC 4 and the invalid PTC 4.1.) The Committee reasoned that the best test is that which requires the parties to the test to deliberate on the sc
45、ope of the performance test required to meet the objective(s) of the test. Measurement uncertainty analysis was selected as the tool whereby the parties could design a test to meet these objectives. (See para. 3-2.1.) As this Code will be applied to a wide configuration of steam generators, from sma
46、ll industrial and commercial units to large utility units, the soundness of this philosophy should be self-evident.This expanded edition of the Code was retitled Fired Steam Generators to emphasize its limitation to steam generators fired by combustible fuels. The Code was subjected to a thorough re
47、view by Industry, including members of the BPTC. Many of their comments were incorporated and the Committee finally approved the Code on June 23, 1998. It was then approved and adopted by the Council as a Standard practice of the Society by action of the Board on Performance Test Codes on August 3,
48、1998. It was also approved as an American National Standard by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on November 2, 1998.Calculations associated with the application of this Code can be facilitated by the use of computer software. Software programs that support calculations for this Code may become ava
49、ilable at a future date on the ASME Web site. Any such software that may be furnished would not have been subject to the ASME consensus process and ASME would make no warranties, express or implied, including, without limitation, the accuracy or applicability of the program.Work on the current edition began even before the 1998 edit
